Effects of Manipulable Influences on High School Grades Across Five Ethnic Groups

References

• Ames , C. and Archer , J. 1988 . Achievement goals in the classroom: Students' learning strategies and motivation processes. . Journal of Educational Psychology , 80 ( 3 ) : 260 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrington , B. L. and Hendricks , B. 1989 . Differentiating characteristics of high school graduates, dropouts, and nongraduates. . Journal of Educational Research , 82 ( 6 ) : 309 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , W. C. and Gersten , R. 1982 . A follow-up of Follow Through. . American Educational Research Journal , 19 : 75 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , S. N. 1978 . Recent research on teaching: A dream, a belief, and a model. . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 48 : 127 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler , P. M. and Bonett , D. G. 1980 . Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. . Psychological Bulletin , 88 : 588 – 606 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom , B. S. 1976 . Human characteristics and school learning , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Bruner , J. S. 1966 . Toward a theory of instruction , New York : W. W. Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Carroll , J. B. 1963 . A model for school learning. . Teachers College Record , 64 : 723 – 733 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll , J. B. 1989 . The Carroll Model: A 25-year retrospective and prospective view. . Educational Researcher , 18 ( 1 ) : 26 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Cool , V. A. and Keith , T. Z. 1991 . Testing a model of school learning: Direct and indirect effects on academic achievement. . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 16 : 28 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooley , W. W. and Leinhardt , G. 1975 . The application of a model for investigating classroom processes , Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh, Learning Research and Development Center .
   Google Scholar
• Ethington , C. A. and Wolfle , L. M. 1988 . Women's selection of quantitative undergraduate fields of study: Direct and indirect influences. . American Educational Research Journal , 25 : 157 – 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagne , R. M. 1977 . The conditions of learning , Chicago : Holt, Rinehart & Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Gamoran , A. 1987 . The stratification of high school learning opportunities. . Sociology of Education , 60 : 135 – 155 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser , R. 1976 . Components of a psychological theory of instruction: Toward a science of design. . Review of Educational Research , 46 : 1 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gollnick , D. M. and Chinn , P. C. 1986 . Multicultural education in a pluralistic society , 2nd ed. , Columbus, OH : Merrill .
   Google Scholar
• Grabe , M. 1982 . Effort strategies in a mastery instructional system: The quantification of effort and the impact of effort on achievement. . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 7 : 327 – 333 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabe , M. and Latta , R. M. 1981 . Cumulative achievement in a mastery instructional system: The impact of differences in resultant achievement motivation and persistence. . American Educational Research Journal , 18 : 7 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haertel , G. D. , Walberg , H. W. and Weinstein , T. 1983 . Psychological models of educational performance: A theoretical analysis of constructs. . Review of Educational Research , 53 : 75 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson , S. L. and Ginsberg , A. L. 1988 . Gaining ground: Values and high school success. . American Educational Research Journal , 25 : 334 – 365 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harnischfeger , A. and Wiley , D. E. 1976 . The teaching-learning process in elementary schools: A synoptic view. . Curriculum Inquiry , 6 : 5 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawley , W. D. , Rosenholtz , S. , Goodstein , H. and Hasselbring , T. 1984 . Good schools: What research says about improving student achievement. . Peabody Journal of Education , 61 ( 4 ) : 1 – 178 .
   Google Scholar
• Haynes , N. M. , Comer , J. P. and Hamilton-Lee , M. 1988 . Gender and achievement status differences on learning factors among Black high school students. . Journal of Educational Research , 81 ( 4 ) : 233 – 237 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyns , B. and Hilton , T. L. 1982 . The cognitive tests for High School and Beyond: An assessment. . Sociology of Education , 55 : 89 – 102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jencks , C. S. and Brown , M. D. 1975 . Effects of high schools on their students. . Harvard Educational Review , 46 : 273 – 324 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , D. W. , Maruyama , G. , Johnson , R. , Nelson , D. and Skon , L. 1981 . Effects of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic goal structures on achievement: A meta-analysis. . Psychological Bulletin , 89 : 47 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jöreskog , K. G. and Sörbom , D. 1989 . LISREL 7: A guide to the program and applications , Chicago : SPSS .
   Google Scholar
• Karweit , N. and Slavin , R. E. 1982 . Time-on-task: Issues of timing, sampling, and definition. . Journal of Educational Psychology , 74 : 844 – 851 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeves , J. P. 1986 . Aspiration, motivation, and achievement: Different methods of analysis and different results. . International Journal of Educational Research , 10 : 115 – 243 .
   Google Scholar
• Keith , T. Z. 1991 . “ Parent involvement and achievement in high schools. ” . In Advances in reading/language research: Literacy through family, community, and school interaction , Edited by: Silvern , S. Vol. 5 , 125 – 141 . Greenwich, CT : JAI Press .
   Google Scholar
• Keith , T. Z. “ Causal influences on school learning ” . In Analytic methods for educational productivity , Edited by: Walberg , H. J. Greenwich, CT : JAI Press . in press
   Google Scholar
• Keith , T. Z. and Page , E. B. 1985 . Do Catholic high schools improve minority student achievement? . American Educational Research Journal , 22 : 337 – 349 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny , D. A. 1979 . Correlation and causality , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , V. E. and Bryk , A. S. 1989 . A multilevel model of the social distribution of high school achievement. . Sociology of Education , 62 : 172 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loehlin , J. C. 1987 . Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural analysis , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Luiten , J. , Ames , W. and Anderson , G. 1980 . A meta-analysis of advance organizers on learning and retention. . American Educational Research Journal , 17 : 211 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. , Balla , J. R. and McDonald , R. P. 1988 . Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size. . Psychological Bulletin , 103 : 391 – 410 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meece , J. L. , Blumenfeld , P. C. and Hoyle , R. H. 1988 . Students' goal orientations and cognitive engagement in classroom activities. . Journal of Educational Psychology , 80 ( 4 ) : 514 – 523 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén , B. O. 1989 . Dichotomous factor analysis of symptom data. . Sociological Methods & Research , 18 : 19 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Center for Education Statistics. 1983 . High school and beyond 1980 sophomore cohort first follow-up (1982): Data file user's manual , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Education Statistics . 1984 . Quality of responses of high school students to questionnaire items , Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . (NCES 84–216)
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Education Statistics . 1986 . High school and beyond 1980 sophomore cohort second follow-up (1984): Data file user's manual , Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . (CS 85–219)
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Education Statistics . 1990 . National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988: Base year: Student component data file user's manual , Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . (NCES 90–464)
   Google Scholar
• National Commission on Excellence in Education. 1983 . A nation at risk: The imperative for educational reform , Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Natriello , G. , Pallas , A. M. and Alexander , K. 1989 . On the right track: Curriculum and academic achievement. . Sociology of Education , 62 : 109 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paschal , R. A. , Weinstein , T. and Walberg , H. J. 1984 . The effects of homework on learning: A quantitative synthesis. . Journal of Educational Research , 78 ( 2 ) : 97 – 104 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedhazur , E. J. 1982 . Multiple regression in behavioral research: Prediction and explanation , 2nd ed. , New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Redfield , D. L. and Rousseau , E. W. 1981 . A meta-analysis of experimental research on teacher questioning behavior. . Review of Educational Research , 51 : 237 – 245 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarr , S. 1988 . Race and gender as psychological variables: Social and ethical issues. . American Psychologist , 43 : 56 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uguroglu , M. E. and Walberg , H. J. 1986 . Predicting achievement and motivation. . Journal of Research and Development in Education , 19 ( 3 ) : 1 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Walberg , H. J. 1981 . “ A psychological theory of educational productivity. ” . In Psychology and education , Edited by: Farley , F. H. and Gordon , N. Berkeley, CA : McCutchan .
   Google Scholar
• Walberg , H. J. 1986 . “ Synthesis of research on teaching. ” . In Handbook of research on teaching , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Wittrock , M. C. 214 – 229 . New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Walberg , H. J. , Pascarella , E. , Haertel , G. D. , Junker , L. K. and Boulanger , F. D. 1982 . Probing a model of educational productivity in high school science with National Assessment samples. . Journal of Educational Psychology , 74 : 295 – 307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware , N. C. and Lee , V. E. 1988 . Sex differences in choice of college science majors. . American Educational Research Journal , 25 : 593 – 614 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1991 . Manual for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition , San Antonio, TX : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Wentzel , K. R. 1989 . Adolescent classroom goals, standards for performance, and academic achievement: An interactionist perspective. . Journal of Educational Psychology , 81 : 131 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiley , D. E. and Harnischfeger , A. 1974 . Explosion of a myth: Quantity of schooling and exposure to instruction, major educational vehicles. . Educational Researcher , 3 ( 4 ) : 7 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Willerman , L. 1979 . The psychology of individual and group differences , San Francisco : W. H. Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Wright , D. and Wiese , M. J. 1988 . Teacher judgment in student evaluation: A comparison of grading methods. . Journal of Educational Research , 82 : 10 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar