REFERENCES
- Allen , V. L. 1976 . “ Children helping children: Psychological processes in tutoring ” . In Cognitive learning in children: Theories and strategies , Edited by: Levin , J. R. and Allen , V. L. 241 – 290 . New York , NY : Academic Press .
- Bender , B. G. and Levin , J. R. 1976 . Motor activity, anticipated motor activity, and young children's associative learning . Child Development , 47 : 560 – 562 .
- Beron , K. and Farkas , G. 2004 . Oral language and reading success: A structural Equation modeling approach . Structural Equation Modeling , 11 ( 1 ) : 110 – 131 .
- Bruner , J. S. 1964 . The course of cognitive growth . American Psychologist , 19 ( 1 ) : 1 – 15 .
- Carney , R. N. and Levin , J. R. 2002 . Pictorial illustrations still improve student's learning from text . Educational Psychology Review , 14 ( 1 ) : 5 – 26 .
- Carretti , B. , Borella , E. , Cornoldi , C. and Beni , R. D. 2009 . Role of working memory in explaining the performance of individuals with specific reading comprehension difficulties: A meta-analysis . Learning and Individual Differences , 19 : 246 – 251 .
- Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
- Cohen , R. L. 1981 . On the generality of some memory laws . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology , 22 : 267 – 281 .
- Cooper , G. , Tindall-Ford , S. , Chandler , P. and Sweller , J. 2001 . Learning by imagining . Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied , 7 ( 1 ) : 68 – 82 .
- Cronbach , L. J. and Snow , R. E. 1977 . Aptitudes and instructional methods: Handbook for research on interactions , New York , NY : Irvington .
- Daneman , M. and Merikle , P. M. 1996 . Working memory and language comprehension: A meta-analysis . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 3 : 422 – 433 .
- DeLoache , J. S. 2000 . Dual representation and young children's use of scale models . Child Development , 71 : 329 – 338 .
- Digdon , N. , Pressley , M. and Levin , J. R. 1985 . Preschoolers’ learning when pictures do not tell the whole story . Educational Communication and Technology Journal , 33 : 139 – 145 .
- Elleman , A. M. , Lindo , E. J. , Morphy , P. and Compton , D. L. 2009 . The impact of vocabulary instruction on passage-level comprehension of school-age children: A meta-analysis . Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness , 2 ( 1 ) : 1 – 44 .
- Engelkamp , J. and Zimmer , H. D. 1989 . Memory for action events: A new field of research . Psychological research , 51 : 153 – 157 .
- Engelkamp , J. and Zimmer , H. D. 1997 . Sensory factors in subject-performed tasks . Acta Psychologica , 96 ( 1–2 ) : 43 – 60 .
- Friedland , E. S. and Truesdell , K. S. 2004 . Kids reading together: Ensuring the success of a buddy reading program . The Reading Teacher , 58 ( 1 ) : 76 – 79 .
- Gambrell , L. B. , Pfeiffer , W. R. and Wilson , R. M. 1985 . The effects of retelling upon reading comprehension and recall of text information . The Journal of Educational Research , 78 : 216 – 220 .
- Glenberg , A. M. 1997 . What memory is for . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 20 : 1 – 55 .
- Glenberg , A. M. , Brown , M. and Levin , J. R. 2007 . Enhancing comprehension in small reading groups using a manipulation strategy . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 32 : 389 – 399 .
- Glenberg , A. M. , Gutierrez , T. , Levin , J. R. , Japuntich , S. and Kaschak , M. 2004 . Activity and imagined activity can enhance young readers’ reading comprehension . Journal of Educational Psychology , 96 : 424 – 436 .
- Glenberg , A. M. , Jaworski , B. , Rischall , M. and Levin , J. R. 2007 . “ What brains are for: Action, meaning, and reading comprehension ” . In Reading comprehension strategies: Theories, interventions, and technologies , Edited by: McNamara , D. S. 221 – 240 . New York , NY : Erlbaum .
- Glenberg , A. M. and Robertson , D. A. 2000 . Symbol grounding and meaning: A comparison of high-dimensional and embodied theories of meaning . Journal of Memory & Language , 43 : 379 – 401 .
- Golly-Haring , C. and Engelkamp , J. 2003 . Categorical-relational and order-relational information in memory for subject-performed and experimenter-performed actions . The Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 29 : 965 – 975 .
- Greenhoot , A. F. and Semb , P. A. 2008 . Do illustrations enhance preschoolers’ memories for stories? Age-related change in the picture facilitation effect . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 99 : 271 – 287 .
- Guttman , J. , Levin , J. R. and Pressley , M. 1977 . Pictures, partial pictures, and young children's oral prose learning . Journal of Educational Psychology , 69 : 473 – 480 .
- Horn , E. M. , Collier , W. G. , Oxford , J. A. , Bond , C. F. and Dansereau , D. F. 1998 . Individual differences in dyadic cooperative learning . Journal of Educational Psychology , 90 : 153 – 161 .
- Hwang , Y. and Levin , J. R. 2002 . Examination of middle-school students’ independent use of a complex mnemonic system . Journal of Experimental Education , 71 : 25 – 38 .
- Jones , M. S. , Levin , M. E. , Levin , J. R. and Beitzel , B. D. 2000 . Can vocabulary-learning strategies and pair-learning formats be profitably combined? . Journal of Educational Psychology , 92 : 256 – 262 .
- Kormi-Nouri , R. , Nyberg , L. and Nilsson , L. G. 1994 . The effect of retrieval enactment on recall of subject-performed tasks and verbal tasks . Memory & Cognition , 22 : 723 – 728 .
- Lakoff , G. and Johnson , M. 1980 . Metaphors we live by , Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
- Leahy , W. and Sweller , J. 2008 . The imagination effect increases with an increased intrinsic cognitive load . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 22 : 273 – 283 .
- Levie , W. H. and Lentz , R. 1982 . The effects of text illustration . Educational Communication and Technology Journal , 30 : 195 – 232 .
- Levin , J. R. 1976 . “ What have we learned about maximizing what children learn? ” . In Cognitive learning in children: Theories and strategies , Edited by: Levin , J. R. and Allen , V. L. 105 – 134 . New York , NY : Academic Press .
- Levin , J. R. , Anglin , G. J. and Carney , R. N. 1987 . “ On empirically validating functions of pictures in prose ” . In The psychology of illustration: I. Basic research , Edited by: Willows , D. M. and Houghton , H. A. 51 – 85 . New York : Springer-Verlag .
- Levin , J. R. and Berry , J. K. 1980 . Children's learning of all the news that's fit to picture . Educational Communication and Technology Journal , 28 : 177 – 185 .
- Levin , J. R. and Pressley , M. 1978 . A test of the developmental imagery hypothesis in children's associative learning . Journal of Educational Psychology , 70 : 691 – 694 .
- Levin , J. R. and Robinson , D. H. 2003 . The trouble with interpreting statistically nonsignificant effect sizes in single-study investigations . Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods , 2 : 231 – 236 .
- Marley , S. C. and Levin , J. R. 2006 . “ Pictorial illustrations, visual imagery, and motor activity: Their instructional implications for Native American children with learning disabilities ” . In Disability research and policy: Current perspectives , Edited by: Morris , R. J. 103 – 123 . Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
- Marley , S. C. , Levin , J. R. and Glenberg , A. M. 2007 . Improving Native American children's listening comprehension through concrete representations . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 32 : 537 – 550 .
- Marley , S. C. , Levin , J. R. and Glenberg , A. M. 2010 . What cognitive benefits do dynamic visual representations of a narrative text afford young Native American readers? . Journal of Experimental Education , 78 : 395 – 417 .
- Mastropieri , M. A. and Scruggs , T. E. 1997 . Best practices in promoting reading comprehension in students with learning disabilities 1976 to 1996 . Remedial and Special Education , 18 : 198 – 213 .
- Mayer , R. E. 2001 . Multimedia learning , New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .
- Mayer , R. E. and Gallini , J. K. 1990 . When is an illustration worth ten thousand words? . Journal of Educational Psychology , 82 : 715 – 726 .
- Nation , K. and Snowling , M. 2004 . Beyond phonological skills: Broader language skills Contribute to the development of reading . Journal of Research in Reading , 27 : 342 – 356 .
- National Center for Education Statistics . 2007 . The Nation's report card. Reading 2007: National Assessment of Educational Progress at Grades 4 and 8 , Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development . 2000 . Report of the National Reading Panel. Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction (NIH Publication No. 00–4769) , Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
- O’Donnell , A. M. and Dansereau , D. F. 1992 . “ Scripted cooperation in student dyads: A method for analyzing and enhancing academic learning and performance ” . In Interaction in cooperative groups. The theoretical anatomy of group learning , Edited by: Hertz-Lazarowitz , R. and Miller , N. 120 – 141 . New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .
- Onwuegbuzie , A. J. and Levin , J. R. 2003 . Without supporting statistical evidence, where would reported measures of substantive importance lead? To no good effect . Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods , 2 ( 1 ) : 133 – 151 .
- Ouellette , G. 2006 . What's meaning got to do with it: The role of vocabulary in word reading and reading comprehension . Journal of Educational Psychology , 98 : 554 – 566 .
- Ozuru , Y. , Dempsey , K. and McNamara , D. S. 2009 . Prior knowledge, reading skill, and text cohesion in the comprehension of science texts . Learning and Instruction , 19 : 228 – 242 .
- Paivio , A. 1971 . Imagery and verbal processes , New York , NY : Holt & Co .
- Person , N. K. and Graesser , A. G. 1999 . “ Evolution of discourse during cross-age tutoring ” . In Cognitive perspectives on peer learning , Edited by: O’Donnell , A. M. and King , A. 69 – 86 . Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum . Eds.
- Piaget , J. and Inhelder , B. 1971 . Mental imagery in the child , New York , NY : Basic Books .
- Pressley , M. 1977 . Imagery and children's learning: Putting the picture in developmental perspective . Review of Educational Research , 47 : 586 – 622 .
- Pressley , M. and Levin , J. R. 1980 . The development of mental imagery retrieval . Child Development , 51 : 558 – 560 .
- Pressley , M. , Levin , J. R. , Pigott , S. , LeComte , M. and Hope , D. J. 1983 . Mismatched pictures and children's prose learning . Educational Communication and Technology Journal , 31 : 131 – 143 .
- Robinson , D. R. , Schofield , J. W. and Steers-Wentzell , K. L. 2005 . Peer and cross-age tutoring in math: Outcomes and their design implications . Educational Psychology Review , 17 : 327 – 362 .
- Roscoe , R. D. and Chi , M. T. 2007 . Understanding tutor learning: knowledge-building and knowledge-telling in peer tutors’ explanations and questions . Review of Educational Research , 77 : 534 – 574 .
- Sadoski , M. and Paivio , A. 2001 . Imagery and text: A dual coding theory of reading and writing , Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
- Salmon , K. , Bidrose , P. and Pipe , M. 1995 . Providing props to facilitate children's event reports: A comparison of toys to real items . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 60 ( 1 ) : 174 – 194 .
- Salmon , K. , Yao , J. , Berntsen , O. and Pipe , M. 2007 . Does providing props during preparation help children to remember a novel event? . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 97 : 99 – 116 .
- Saltz , E. and Dixon , D. 1982 . Let's pretend: The role of motoric imagery in memory for sentences and words . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 34 ( 1 ) : 77 – 92 .
- Saltz , E. and Donnenwerth-Nolan , S. 1981 . Does motoric imagery facilitate memory for sentences? A selective interference test . Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior , 20 : 322 – 332 .
- Shadish , W. , Cook , T. and Campbell , D. 2002 . Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference , Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin .
- Shrout , P. E. and Fleiss , J. L. 1979 . Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability . Psychological Bulletin , 86 : 420 – 428 .
- Thompson , V. and Paivio , A. 1994 . Memory for pictures and sounds: Independence of auditory and visual codes . Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology , 48 : 380 – 398 .
- Tindall-Ford , S. and Sweller , J. 2006 . Altering the modality of instructions to facilitate imagination: Interactions between the modality and imagination effects . Instructional Science , 34 : 343 – 365 .
- Uttal , D. H. , Scudder , K. V. and DeLoache , J. S. 1997 . Manipulatives as symbols: A new perspective on the use of concrete objects to teach mathematics . Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , 18 ( 1 ) : 37 – 54 .
- Wise , J. , Sevcik , R. , Morris , R. , Lovett , M. and Wolf , M. 2007 . The relationship among receptive vocabulary, listening comprehension, pre-reading skills, word identification skills, and reading comprehension by children with reading disabilities . Journal of Speech Language, and Hearing Research , 50 : 1093 – 1109 .
- Wolff , P. and Levin , J. R. 1972 . The role of overt activity in children's imagery production . Child Development , 43 : 537 – 547 .