The Development and Validation of the University Belonging Questionnaire

References

• Adler, N. E., & Stewart, J. (2007). The MacArthur scale of subjective social status. MacArthur SES & Health Network. Retrieved from http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/research/psychosocial/subjective.php
   Google Scholar
• Anderman, L. H. (2003). Academic and social perceptions as predictors of change in middle school students' sense of school belonging. The Journal of Experimental Education, 72(1), 5–22. doi:10.1080/00220970309600877
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baskin, T. W., Wampold, B. E., Quintana, S. M., & Enright, R. D. (2010). Belongingness as a protective factor against loneliness and potential depression in a multicultural middle school. The Counseling Psychologist, 38(5), 626–651. doi:10.1177/0011000009358459
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R., & Leary, M. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booker, K. C. (2007). Perceptions of classroom belongingness among African American college students. College Student Journal, 41(1), 178–186.
   Google Scholar
• Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen, & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing Structural Equation Models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Bryant, F. B., & Satorra, A. (2012). Principles and practice of scaled difference chi-square testing. Structural Equation Modeling, 19, 372–398. doi:10.1080/10705511.2012.687671
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. M., Shavelson, R. J., & Muthén, B. O. (1989). Testing for equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 456–466.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233–255. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7(39), 309–319. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawis, R. V. (1987). Scale construction. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 481–489.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enochs, W. K., & Roland, C. B. (2006). Social adjustment of college freshmen: The importance of gender and living environment. College Student Journal, 40, 63–73.
   Google Scholar
• Friedenberg, L. (1995). Psychological testing: Design, analysis, and use. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Freeman, T. M., Anderman, L. H., & Jensen, J. M. (2007). Sense of belonging in college freshmen at the classroom and campus levels. The Journal of Experimental Education, 75(3), 203–220. doi:10.3200/JEXE.75.3.203-220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodenow, C. (1993). Classroom belonging among early adolescent students: Relationships to motivation and achievement. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 13, 21–43. doi:10.1177/0272431693013001002
   Google Scholar
• Goodenow, C., & Grady, K. E. (1993). The relationship of school belonging and friends' values to academic motivation among urban adolescent students. The Journal of Experimental Education, 62(1), 60–71. doi:10.1080/00220973.1993.9943831
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, W. E., Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L., Petska, K. S., & Creswell, J. D. (2005). Mixed methods research designs in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 224–235. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausmann, L. R. M., Schofield, J. W., & Woods, R. L. (2007). Sense of belonging as a predictor of intentions to persist among African American and white first-year college students. Research in Higher Education, 48(7), 803–839. doi:10.1007/s11162-007-9052-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausmann, L. R. M., Ye, F., Schofield, J. W., & Woods, R. L. (2009). Sense of belonging and persistence in white and African American first-year students. Research in Higher Education, 50(7), 649–669. doi:10.1007/s11162-009-9137-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, M., Richmond, J., Morrow, J., & Salomone, K. (2002). Investigating “Sense of belonging” in first-year college students. Journal of College Student Retention, 4(3), 227–256.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunsley, J., & Meyer, G. J. (2003). The incremental validity of psychological testing and assessment: Conceptual, methodological, and statistical issues. Psychological Assessment, 15(4), 446–455. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.15.4.446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, M., Waite, L., Hawkley, L., & Cacioppo, J. (2004). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies. Research on Aging, 26(6), 655–672. doi:10.1177/0164027504268574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurtado, S., & Carter, D. F. (1997). Effects of college transition and perceptions of the campus racial climate on Latino college students' sense of belonging. Sociology of Education, 70(4), 324–345. doi:10.2307/2673270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibañez, G. E., Kuperminc, G. P., Jurkovic, G., & Perilla, J. (2004). Cultural attributes and adaptations linked to achievement motivation among Latino adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33(6), 559–568. doi:10.1023/B:JOYO.0000048069.22681.2c
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, D. R., Soldner, M., Leonard, J. B., Alvarez, P., Inkelas, K. K., Rowan-Kenyon, H., & Longerbeam, S. (2007). Examining sense of belonging among first-year undergraduates from different racial/ethnic groups. Journal of College Student Development, 48(5), 525–542. doi:10.1353/csd.2007.0054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Josselson, R. (1995). The space between us: exploring the dimensions of human relationships. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Kahn, J. H. (2006). Factor analysis in counseling psychology research, training, and practice: Principles, advances, and applications. The Counseling Psychologist, 34, 684–718. doi:10.1177/0011000006286347
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohut, H., & Stepansky, P. E. (1984). In A. Goldberg (Ed.), How does analysis cure? (Vol. 52). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, R. M., & Robbins, S. B. (1995). Measuring belongingness: The social connectedness and the social assurance scales. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42(2), 232–241. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.42.2.232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallinckrodt, B., Miles, J. R., & Recabarren, D. A. (2016). Using focus groups and Rasch item response theory to improve instrument development. The Counseling Psychologist, 44(2) 146–194. doi:10.1177/0011000015596437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malone, G. P., Pillow, D. R., & Osman, A. (2012). The general belongingness scale (GBS): Assessing achieved belongingness. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 311–316. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper.
   Google Scholar
• McMahon, S. D., Wernsman, J., & Jamie Rose, D. S. (2009). The relation of classroom environment and school belonging to academic self-efficacy among urban fourth- and fifth-grade students. The Elementary School Journal, 109(3), 267–281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meredith, W. (1993). Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance. Psychometrika, 58, 525–543. doi:10.1007/BF02294825
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles, J. R., Mallinckrodt, B., & Recabarren, D. A. (2016). Using focus groups and Rasch item response theory to improve instrument development. The Counseling Psychologist, 44(2), 226–236. doi:10.1177/0011000015596437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2014). Mplus user's guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Nora, A., & Cabrera, A. (1993). The construct validity of institutional commitment: A confirmatory factor analysis. Research in Higher Education, 34(2), 243–262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuñez, A.-M. (2009). A critical paradox? Predictors of Latino students' sense of belonging in college. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 2(1), 46–61. doi:10.1037/a0014099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittman, L. D., & Richmond, A. (2007). Academic and psychological functioning in late adolescence: The importance of school belonging. The Journal of Experimental Education, 75(4), 270–290. doi:10.3200/JEXE.75.4.270-292
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittman, L. D., & Richmond, A. (2008). University belonging, friendship quality, and psychological adjustment during the transition to college. The Journal of Experimental Education, 76(4), 343–362. doi:10.3200/JEXE.76.4.343-362
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2002). An overview of self-determination theory. In E. L. Deci, & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 3–33). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez, B., Colón, Y., & Esparza, P. (2005). The role of sense of school belonging and gender in the academic adjustment of Latino adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(6), 619–628. doi:10.1007/s10964-005-8950-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shook, N. J., & Clay, R. (2012). Interracial roommate relationships: A mechanism for promoting sense of belonging at university and academic performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(5), 1168–1172. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaten, C. D., & Baskin, T. W. (2014). Examining the impact of peer and family belongingness on the career decision-making difficulties of young adults: A path analytic approach. Journal of Career Assessment, 22(1), 59–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaten, C. D., Yough, M. S., Shemwell, D., Scalise, D. A., Elison, Z. M., & Hughes, H. (2014). “Eat. Sleep. Breathe. Study.”: Understanding what it means to belong at a university from the student perspective. Excellence in Higher Education, 5, 1–5. doi:10.5195/ehe.2014.117.
   Google Scholar
• Strayhorn, T. (2008). A hierarchical analysis predicting sense of belonging among Latino college students. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 7(4), 301–320. doi:10.1097/01.OLQ.0000078823.05041.9E
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed.). New York: HarperCollins.
   Google Scholar
• Tinto, V. (1987). Leaving college: Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tovar, E., & Simon, M. (2010). Factorial structure and invariance analysis of the sense of belonging scales. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 43(3), 199–217. doi:10.1177/0748175610384811
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3, 4–69. doi:10.1177/109442810031002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, K. T., Wei, M., & Chen, H. H. (2015). Social factors in cross-national adjustment: Subjective well-being trajectories among Chinese international students. The Counseling Psychologist, 43(2), 272–298. doi:10.1177/0011000014566470
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widaman, K. F., & Reise, S. P. (1997). Exploring the measurement equivalence of psychological instruments: Applications in the substance use domain. In K. G., Bryant, M. Windle, & S. G. West (Eds.), The science of prevention: Methodological advances from alcohol and substance abuse research (pp. 281–324). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, D., Jones, D., Bocell, F., Crawford, J., Kim, M. J., Veilleux, N., … Plett, M. (2015). Belonging and academic engagement among undergraduate STEM students: A multi-institutional study. Research in Higher Education, 56(7), 750–776. doi:10.1007/s11162-015-9367-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, S., & Gore, J. (2013). An attachment model of university connectedness. The Journal of Experimental Education, 81(2), 178–198. doi:10.1080/00220973.2012.699902
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806–838. doi:10.1177/0011000006288127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimet, G., Dahlem, N., Zimet, S., & Farley, G. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimet, G. D., Powell, S. S., Farley, G. K., Werkman, S., & Berkoff, K. (1990). Psychometric characteristics of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55(3–4), 610–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zumbrunn, S., McKim, C., Buhs, E., & Hawley, L. R. (2014). Support, belonging, motivation, and engagement in the college classroom: A mixed method study. Instructional Science, 42(5), 661–684. doi:10.1007/s11251-014-9310-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt, K. B., & Paysnick, A. A. (2014). Identify, stress, and behavioral and emotional problems in undergraduates: Evidence for interaction effects. Journal of College Student Development, 55, 368–384. doi:10.1353/csd.2014.0036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, R. (2012). Institutional characteristics and college student dropout risks: A multilevel event history analysis. Research in higher education, 53, 487–505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington, D. (2008). Confirmatory factor analysis. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mallinckrodt, B. (2006). Editorial. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 126–131. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.126
   Google Scholar
• Parent, M. C. (2012). Handling item-level missing data: Simpler is just as good. The Counseling Psychologist, 41(4), 568–600. doi:10.1177/0011000012445176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih, T.-H., & Fan, X. (2008). Comparing response rates from web and mail surveys: A meta-analysis. Field Methods, 20(3), 249–271. doi:10.1177/1525822×08317085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar