802
Views
22
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
LEARNING AND INSTRUCTION

Test Anxiety and Working Memory

Pages 218-240 | Published online: 01 Apr 2010

References

  • Anderson , J. R. 1983a . The architecture of cognition , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Anderson , J. R. 1983b . A spreading activation theory of memory . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 22 : 261 – 295 .
  • Anderson , J. R. and Pirolli , P. L. 1984 . Spread of activation . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 10 : 791 – 798 .
  • Baddeley , A. D. 1986 . Working memory , Oxford, , England : Oxford University Press .
  • Baddeley , A. D. 1991 . Working memory . Science , 255 : 556 – 559 .
  • Besner , D. 1987 . Phonology, lexical access in reading, and articulatry suppression: A critical review . The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 39 : 467 – 478 .
  • Besner , D. , Davies , J. and Daniels , S. 1981 . Reading for meaning: The effects on concurrent articulation . The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 33 : 415 – 437 .
  • Bower , G. H. 1981 . Mood and memory . American Psychologist , 36 : 129 – 148 .
  • Bower , G. H. 1987 . Commentary on mood and memory . Behavior Research and Therapy , 25 : 443 – 455 .
  • Broadbent , D. and Broadbent , M. 1988 . Anxiety and attentional bias: State and trait . Cognition & Emotion , 2 : 165 – 183 .
  • Brown , G. D. A. 1987 . Phonological coding in rhyming and homophony judgment . Acta Psychologica , 65 : 247 – 262 .
  • Calvo , M. G. , Ramos , P. and Estevez , A. 1991 . Test anxiety and comprehension efficiency: The role of prior knowledge and working memory deficits . Anxiety, Stress, and Coping , 5 : 125 – 138 .
  • The College Board. 1981 . Scholastic Aptitude Test , New York : Author .
  • The College Board. 1988 . Scholastic Aptitude Test , New York : Author .
  • The College Board. 1989 . Scholastic Aptitude Test , New York : Author .
  • The College Board. 1992 . Scholastic Aptitude Test , New York : Author .
  • The College Board. 1993 . Scholastic Aptitude Test , New York : Author .
  • Darke , S. 1988a . Anxiety and working memory capacity . Cognition and Emotion , 2 : 145 – 154 .
  • Darke , S. 1988b . Effects of anxiety on inferential reasoning task performance . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 55 : 499 – 505 .
  • Deffenbacher , J. L. 1978 . Worry, emotionality, and task-generated interference in test anxiety: An empirical test of attentional theory . Journal of Educational Psychology , 70 : 248 – 254 .
  • Deffenbacher , J. L. 1986 . Cognitive and physical components of test anxiety in real life exams . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 10 : 635 – 644 .
  • Eysenck , M. W. 1982 . Attention and arousal: Cognition and performance , Berlin : Springer .
  • Eysenck , M. W. 1985 . Anxiety and cognitive-task performance . Personality & Individual Differences , 6 : 579 – 586 .
  • Geen , R. G. 1987 . Test anxiety and behavioral avoidance . Journal of Research in Personality , 21 : 481 – 488 .
  • Goolkasian , P. 1982 . Test anxiety and its effect on the speed-accuracy tradeoff function . Bulletin of Psychonomic Society , 19 : 133 – 136 .
  • Hembree , R. 1988 . Correlates, causes, effects, and treatment of test anxiety . Review of Educational Research , 58 : 47 – 77 .
  • Lee , J. H. 1995 . Information processing of test anxiety and its effect on the speed-accuracy tradeoff (The spreading explanation of ACT*) Unpublished manuscript, The University of Iowa, Iowa City
  • Leon , M. R. and Revelle , W. 1985 . The effects of anxiety on analogical reasoning: A test of three theoretical models . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 49 : 1302 – 1315 .
  • Lieben , R. M. and Morris , L. W. 1967 . Cognitive and emotional components of test anixety: A distinction and some initial data . Psychological Reports , 20 : 975 – 978 .
  • Likert , R. and Quasha , W. M. 1948 . The Revised Minnesota Paper Form Board Test , New York : Psychological Corporation .
  • Litz , B. T. and Keane , T. M. 1989 . Information processing in anxiety disorders: Application to the understanding of post-traumatic stress disorder . Clinical Psychology Review , 9 : 243 – 257 .
  • Lohman , D. F. 1986 . The effect of speed-accuracy tradeoff on sex differences in mental rotation . Perception and Psychophysics , 39 : 427 – 436 .
  • Lohman , D. F. 1989 . Individual differences in errors and latencies on cognitive tasks . Learning and Individual Differences , 1 : 179 – 202 .
  • MacLeod , C. , Mathews , A. and Tata , P. 1986 . Attentional bias in emotional disorders . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 95 : 15 – 20 .
  • Mandler , G. and Sarason , S. B. 1952 . A study of anxiety and learning . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 47 : 166 – 173 .
  • Markham , R. and Darke , S. 1991 . The effects of anxiety on verbal and spatial task performance . Australian Journal of Psychology , 43 : 107 – 111 .
  • Mathews , A. 1990 . Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety . Behavioral Research and Therapy , 28 : 455 – 468 .
  • Mathews , A. and MacLeod , C. 1985 . Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 23 : 563 – 569 .
  • McClelland , J. L. 1979 . On the time relations of mental processes: An examination of systems of processes in cascade . Psychological Review , 86 : 287 – 330 .
  • McNicol , D. 1972 . A primer of signal detection theory , London : George Allen & Unwin .
  • Meichenbaum , D. H. 1972 . Cognitive modification of test anxious college students . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 39 : 370 – 380 .
  • Meichenbaum , D. H. , Gilmore , J. B. and Fedoravicius , A. 1971 . Group insight versus group desen-sitization in treating speech anxiety . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 36 : 410 – 421 .
  • Morris , L. W. and Liebert , R. M. 1973 . Effects of negative feedback, threat of shock, and level of trait anxiety on the arousal two components of test anxiety of the two components of anxiety . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 20 : 321 – 326 .
  • Morrison , L. W. , Davis , M. A. and Hutchings , C. H. 1981 . Cognitive and emotional components of anxiety: Literature reviews and a revised worry-emotionality scale . Journal of Educational Psychology , 73 : 541 – 555 .
  • Philips , B. N. , Pitcher , G. D. , Worsham , M. E. and Miller , S. C. 1980 . “ Test anxiety and the school environment ” . In Test anxiety: Theory, research and applications , Edited by: Sarason , I. G. 327 – 345 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Richardson , J. T. E. 1988 . Phonology and reading: The effect of articulatory suppression upon homophony and rhyme judgements . Language and Cognitive Processes , 2 : 229 – 244 .
  • Rocklin , T. R. and O'Donnell , A. M. 1987 . Self-adaptive testing: A performance improving variants of computer-adaptive testing . Journal of Educational Psychology , 77 : 368 – 372 .
  • Russell , R. , Miller , D. E. and June , L. N. 1975 . A comparison between group systematic desensitization and cue-controlled relaxation in the treatment of test anxiety . Behaviour Therapy , 6 : 172 – 177 .
  • Shepard , R. N. and Cooper , L. A. 1982 . Mental images and their transformations , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Shepard , R. N. and Metzler , J. 1971 . Mental rotation of three dimensional objects . Science , 171 : 701 – 703 .
  • Spielberger , C. D. , Gorsuch , R. and Lushene , R. 1970 . The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) test manual , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
  • Thurstone , L. L. and Thurstone , T. G. T. 1943 . The Chicago Tests of Primary Mental Abilities , Chicago : SRA .
  • Tobias , S. 1985 . Test anxiety: Interference, defective skills, and cognitive capacity . Educational Psychologist , 20 : 135 – 142 .
  • Wine , J. D. 1982 . “ Evaluation anxiety ” . In Achievement, stress, and anxiety , Edited by: Krehne , W. H. and Laux , L. 207 – 219 . Washington, DC : Hemisphere Publishing .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.