The Reflex Time of the Patellar Tendon Reflex in Normal and Schizophrenic Subjects

References

• Adrian , E. D. 1928 . The basis of sensation , 122 New York : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Adrian , E. D. 1932 . The mechanism of nervous action , x+103 Philadelphia : Univ. Pennsylvania Press .
   Google Scholar
• Alcock , N. H. 1904 . On the rapidity of the nervous impulse in tall and short individuals . Proc. Roy. Soc , 72B : 414 – 418 .
   Google Scholar
• Ballif , L. , Fulton , J. F. and Liddell , E. G. T. 1925 . Observations on spinal and decerebrate knee-jerks with special reference to their inhibition by single break-shocks . Proc. Roy. Soc , 98B : 589 – 607 .
   Google Scholar
• Benedict , F. G. , Miles , W. R. , Roth , P. and Smith , H. M. 1919 . Human vitality and efficiency under prolonged restricted diet . Publ. Carnegie Instit. Wash , : 155 – 159 . 592 597
   Google Scholar
• Bowditch , H. and Warren , J. W. 1890 . The knee-jerk and its physiological modifications . J. Physiol , 11 : 25 – 64 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burckhardt , G. 1875 . Der Physiologische Diagnostik der Nervenkrankheiten , viii+284 Leipzig : Engelmann . (See esp. pp. 1–88.)
   Google Scholar
• Creed , R. S. , Denny-Brown , D. , Eccles , J. C. , Liddell , E. G. T. and Sherrington , C. S. 1932 . Reflex activity of the spinal cord , vi+183 Oxford : Clarendon .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , R. C. 1932 . Ability in social and racial classes , xiv+114 New York : Century .
   Google Scholar
• Denny-Brown , D. E. and Liddell , E. G. T. 1927 . Observations on the motor twitch and on reflex inhibition of the tendon jerk of m. supra-spinatus . J. Physiol , 63 : 70 – 80 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Devine , H. 1929 . Recent advances in psychiatry , vii+340 Philadelphia : Blakiston's .
   Google Scholar
• Dodge , R. 1910 . A systematic exploration of a normal knee-jerk, its technique, the form of the muscle contraction, its amplitude, its latent time, and its theory . Zsch. f. allg. Physiol , 12 : 1 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Dodge , R. and Benedict , F. S. 1915 . Psychological effects of alcohol . Publ. Carnegie Instit., Wash , : 35 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Dorsey , J. M. and Travis , L. E. 1930 . Effect of alcohol on the patellar tendon reflex time in dogs . Arch. Neur. & Psychiat , 24 : 48 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Dorsey , J. M. and Travis , L. E. 1932 . Reflex response latencies . Arch. Neur. & Psychiat , 27 : 687 – 690 .
   Google Scholar
• Dysinger , D. W. 1932 . An action current and reflex time study of psychiatric and neurological cases . Psychol. Monog , 43 : 31 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Eccles , J. C. and Granit , R. 1929 . Crossed extensor reflexes and their interaction . J. Physiol , 67 : 97 – 118 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eccles , J. C. and Sherrington , C. S. 1931 . Studies on the flexor reflex. I. latent period . Proc. Roy. Soc , 107B : 511 – 534 .
   Google Scholar
• Erlanger , J. and Gasser , H. S. 1924 . The compound nature of the action current of a nerve as disclosed by the cathode ray oscillograph . Amer. J. Physiol , 70 : 624 – 666 .
   Google Scholar
• Eulenberg , A. 1882 . Ueber Zeitmessung und graphische Darstellung der Sehnerreflexe . Zsch. f. klin. Med , 4 : 179 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , C. L. 1930 . Recent advances in physiology. , 4th ed. , xii+446 Philadelphia : Blakiston's . (See Ch. 10.)
   Google Scholar
• Fearing , F. 1930 . Reflex action, a study in the history of physiological psychology , xiv+350 Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins . (See esp. Ch. 15.)
   Google Scholar
• Felix , K. 1922–23 . Eigenreflexe und Nervenleitungsgeschwindigkeit beim Menschen . Zsch. f. Biol , 77 : 231 – 240 .
   Google Scholar
• Forbes , A. 1922 . The interpretation of spinal reflexes in terms of present knowledge of nerve conduction . Physiol. Rev , 2 : 361 – 414 .
   Google Scholar
• Forbes , A. and Gregg , A. 1915 . Electrical studies in mammalian reflexes. I. The flexion reflex . Amer. J. Physiol , 37 : 118 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Franz , S. I. 1909 . The knee-jerk in paresis . Amer. J. Insan , 65 : 471 – 498 .
   Google Scholar
• Fulton , J. F. 1924 . The influence of initial tension upon the magnitude and duration of the mechanical response in skeletal muscle . Proc. Roy. Soc , 96B : 475 – 490 .
   Google Scholar
• Fulton , J. F. 1924–25 . The influence of tension upon the electrical responses of muscle to repetitive stimuli . Proc. Roy. Soc , 97B : 406 – 423 .
   Google Scholar
• Fulton , J. F. 1925 . The latent period of skeletal muscle . Quar. J. Exper. Physiol , 15 : 349 – 366 .
   Google Scholar
• Fulton , J. F. 1926 . Muscular contraction and the reflex control of movement , xv+644 Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Fulton , J. F. , Liddell , S. G. T. and Rioch , D. 1930 . Mck. The influence of experimental lesions of the spinal cord upon the knee-jerk. I. Acute lesions . Brain , 53 : 311 – 326 .
   Google Scholar
• Fulton , J. F. , Liddell , S. G. T. and Rioch , D. 1930 . The influence of unilateral destruction of the vestibular nuclei upon posture and the knee-jerk . Brain , 53 : 327 – 343 .
   Google Scholar
• Fulton , J. F. and Pi-Suner , J. 1928 . A note concerning the probable function of various afferent end-organs in skeletal muscle . Amer. J. Physiol , 83 : 554 – 562 .
   Google Scholar
• Gasser , H. S. and Erlanger , J. 1927 . The role played by the sizes of the constituent fibres of a nerve trunk in determining the form of its action potential wave . Amer. J. Physiol , 80 : 522 – 547 .
   Google Scholar
• Golla , F. and Antonovitch , S. 1931 . The rate of conduction in the human motor nerve . Brain , 54 : 492 – 507 .
   Google Scholar
• Golla , F. and Antonovitch , S. 1933 . The rate of conduction and refractory period of the human sensory neurone . Brain , 56 : 71 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Golla , F. L. and Hettwer , J. 1922 . The influence of various conditions on the time relations of tendon reflexes in the human subject . Proc. Roy. Soc , 94B : 92 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Helmholtz , H. 1850 . Phys. Ökonom. Gesellschaft zu Königsberg. 13 Dez Cited by Helmholtz in Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen. II. Leipzig: Barth, 1883. Pp. 932 ff
   Google Scholar
• Helmholtz , H. and Baxt , N. 1867 . Mittheilung, betreffend Versuche über die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Reizung in den motorischen Nerven des Menschen Reprinted in Helmholtz: Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, II. Leipzig: Barth, 1883. Pp. 932–938
   Google Scholar
• Helmholtz , H. and Baxt , N. 1870 . Neue Versuche über die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Reizung in den motorischen Nerven der Menschen Reprinted in Helmholtz: Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen. II. Leipzig: Barth, 1883. Pp. 939–948
   Google Scholar
• Herren , R. Y. and Haterius , H. O. 1931 . The relation of ovarian hormones to electromyographically determined Achilles reflex time . Amer. J. Physiol , 96 : 214 – 220 .
   Google Scholar
• Herman , L. 1881 . Nachträgliches zu den Aktionströmen der Muskeln . Pflüg. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol , 24 : 294 – 299 .
   Google Scholar
• Hirsch , A. 1865 . Chronoskopische Versuche über die Geschwindigkeit der verschiedenen Sinneseindrücke und der Nerven-Leitung. Moleschott's . Untersuchungen zur Naturlehre , 9 : 183 – 199 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman , F. A. 1916 . Vergleichende Messungen der Zeitdauer des Patellarreflexes bei Gesunden und Kranken . Dtsch. Arch. f. klin. Med , 120 : 173 – 182 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman , F. A. 1918 . Zur Kenntnis des Achillessehnenreflexes . Dtsch. Arch. f. klin. Med , 126 : 318 – 326 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman , P. 1922 . Untersuchungen über die Eigenreflexe (Sehnenreflexe) Menschlicher Muskeln , 106 Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Hoskins , R. G. 1932 . Oxygen consumption (“Basal metabolic rate”) in schizophrenia . Arch. Neur & Psychiat , 28 : 1346 – 1364 .
   Google Scholar
• de Jaeger , R. G. and Donders , F. C. Cited by Place (66)
   Google Scholar
• Jolly , W. A. 1910 . On the latency of sensory nerve endings to mechanical stimulation . J. Physiol , 41 : 14 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Kiesow , F. 1930 . Contribution à l'étude de la vélocité de propagation du stimulus dans les nerfs de l'homme . Arch. ital. Biol , 40 : 273 – 280 .
   Google Scholar
• Kohlrausch , F. 1866 . Ueber die Fortpflanzungs-Geschwindigkeit des Reizes in den menschlichen Nerven . Zsch. f. rat. Med , 28 : 190 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Liddell , E. G. T. and Sherrington , C. S. 1924 . Reflexes in response to stretch (Myotatic reflexes) . Proc. Roy. Soc , 96B : 212 – 242 .
   Google Scholar
• Liddell , E. G. T. and Sherrington , C. S. 1925 . Further observations on Myotatic reflexes . Proc. Roy. Soc , 97B : 267 – 283 .
   Google Scholar
• Liddell , E. G. T. and Sherrington , C. S. 1923 . A comparison between certain features of the spinal flexor reflex and of the decerebrate extensor reflex respectively . Proc. Roy. Soc , 95B : 299 – 339 .
   Google Scholar
• Magnus , R. 1925 . Animal posture . Proc. Roy. Soc , 98B : 339 – 353 .
   Google Scholar
• Mathews , B. H. C. 1931 . The response of a muscle spindle during active contraction of a muscle . J. Physiol , 72 : 153 – 174 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mathews , B. H. C. 1931 . The response of a single end organ . J. Physiol , 71 : 64 – 110 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miles , W. R. 1918 . Effect of alcohol on psycho-physiological functions . Publ. Carnegie lnstit. Wash , : 37 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Münnich , F. 1916 . Über die Leitungsgeschwindigkeit im motorischen Nerven bei Warmblütern . Zsch. f. Biol , 66 : 1 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Nystrom , C. L. 1933 . A comparative study of the Achilles and the patellar reflex response latencies as measured by the action current and the muscle thickening methods . Psychol. Monog , 44 : 61 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Oehl , E. , Fasola , G. and Predieri , A. 1892 . Sur la vélocité de transmission de l'excitation dans les fibres sensitives de l'homme . Arch. ital. Biol , 17 : 400 – 403 .
   Google Scholar
• Oehl , E. 1895 . Nouvelles expériences touchant l'influence de la chaleur sur la vélocité de transmission du movement nerveux chez l'homme . Arch. ital. Biol , 24 : 231 – 236 .
   Google Scholar
• Piper , H. 1908 . Über die Leitungsgeschwindigkeit in den markhaltigen menschlichen Nerven . Pflüg. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol , 124 : 591 – 600 .
   Google Scholar
• Piper , H. 1909 . Weitere Mitteilungen über die Geschwindigkeit der Erregungsleitung im markhaltigen menschlichen Nerven . Pflüg. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol , 127 : 474 – 480 .
   Google Scholar
• Piper , H. 1912 . Elektrophysiologie menschlicher Muskeln , 163 Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Place , T. 1870 . Ueber die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit des Reizes in den motorischen Nerven des Menschen . Pflüg. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol , 3 : 424 – 436 .
   Google Scholar
• Poorman , A. P. 1923 . Applied mechanics , xiv+293 New York : McGraw-Hill . (see esp. pp. 195, 199, 253f.)
   Google Scholar
• Pritcharo , E. A. B. 1929 . The significance of some variations in the knee-jerk in diseases of the central nervous system . Brain , 52 : 359 – 424 .
   Google Scholar
• Rounds , G. H. 1928 . Is the latent time in the Achilles tendon reflex a criterion of speed in mental reactions? . Arch. Psychol , : 1 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Schaeffer , H. 1922 . Eine neue Methode zur Bestimmung der Leitungsgeschwindigkeit im sensiblen Nerven bei Menschen . Dtsch. Zsch. f. Nervenhk , 73 : 234 – 243 .
   Google Scholar
• Schelske , R. 1864 . Neue Messungen der Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit des Reizes in den Menschlichen Nerven . Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol , : 151 – 173 .
   Google Scholar
• Sherrington , C. S. 1924–25 . Some aspects of reflex inhibition . Proc. Roy. Soc , 97B : 519 – 545 .
   Google Scholar
• Sherrington , C. S. 1894 . On the anatomical constitution of nerves of skeletal muscles; with remarks on recurrent fibres in the ventral spinal nerve-root . J. Physiol , 17 : 211 – 258 .
   Google Scholar
• Sherrington , C. S. 1906 . The integrative action of the nervous system , xvi+411 New Haven : Yale Univ. Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sternberg , M. 1893 . Die Sehnenreflexe und ihre Bedeutung für die Pathologie des Nervensystems , xii+331 Leipzig : Deuticke .
   Google Scholar
• Travis , L. E. 1928 . Rate of reflex conduction in a cataleptic patient . Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med , : 598 – 599 .
   Google Scholar
• Travis , L. E. and Dorsey , J. M. 1929 . Effect of alcohol on the patellar tendon reflex time . Arch. Neur. & Psychiat , 21 : 613 – 624 .
   Google Scholar
• Travis , L. E. and Dorsey , J. M. 1929 . Patellar tendon reflex time in psychiatric and in neurologic cases . Arch. Neur. & Psychiat , 22 : 99 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Travis , L. E. and Dorsey , J. M. 1930 . The relationship of intelligence and reflex conduction rate as found in hypophrenic children . J. Exper. Psychol , 13 : 370 – 372 .
   Google Scholar
• Travis , L. E. and Hunter , T. A. 1928 . The relation between intelligence and reflex conduction rate . J. Exper. Psychol , 11 : 342 – 354 .
   Google Scholar
• Travis , L. E. and Patterson , M. 1933 . Rate and direction of the conduction wave in muscle during voluntary and reflex movement . J. Exper. Psychol , 16 : 208 – 220 .
   Google Scholar
• Travis , L. E. and Young , C. W. 1930 . The relations of electromyographically measured reflex time in the patellar and Achilles reflexes to certain physical measurements and to intelligence . J. Gen. Psychol , 3 : 374 – 400 .
   Google Scholar
• Tuttle , W. W. 1925 . Factors influencing the knee-jerk . Amer. J. Physiol , 72 : 50 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Tuttle , W. W. 1929 . The effect of the rate of stimulation, strength of stimulus and reënforcement on the rate of the conduction of a nerve impulse through reflex arcs . Amer. J. Physiol , 88 : 347 – 350 .
   Google Scholar
• Tuttle , W. W. and Macewan , E. M. 1928 . A method of determining the length of the femoral nerve and for locating the motor point of the rectus femoris muscle in the intact human body . Anat. Rec , 37 : 317 – 319 .
   Google Scholar
• Wenner , W. W. and Taylor , A. B. 1930 . The effect of changes in acid-base equilibrium on reflex time . Amer. J. Physiol , 91 : 365 – 369 .
   Google Scholar
• v. Wittich , W. W. 1868 . Über die Fortleitungsgeschwindigkeit im menschlichen Nerven . Zsch. f. rat. med , 31 : 87 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Whitehorn , J. C. and Lundholm , H. 1930 . The relation between stature and the latent period of the knee jerk . Amer. J. Physiol , 92 : 214 – 222 .
   Google Scholar
• Whitehorn , J. C. , Lundholm , H. and Gardner , G. E. 1930 . Concerning the alleged correlation of intelligence with knee jerk reflex time . J. Exper. Psychol , 13 : 293 – 295 .
   Google Scholar