The Generality of the Retention Interval Model

References

• Anderson , J. R. 1976 . Language, Memory, and Thought , 540 Hillsdale , N.J. : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , J. R. and Bower , G. H. 1973 . Human Associative Memory , 524 Washington , D.C. : Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , J. R. and Bower , G. H. 1980 . Human Associative Memory, , rev. ed. , 260 Hillsdale , N.J. : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Asch , S. E. and Ebenholtz , S. M. 1962 . The principle of associative symmetry . Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc , 106 : 135 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson , R. C. and Shiffrin , R. M. 1968 . “ Human Memory: A proposed system and its control processes ” . In The Psychology of Learning and Motivation , Edited by: Spence , K. W. and Spence , J. T. Vol. 2 , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bahrick , H. P. 1970 . Two-phase model for prompted recall . Psychol. Rev , 77 : 215 – 222 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barch , A. M. and Levine , J. R. 1967 . Presentation method in auditory identification learning . J. Verb. Learn. & Verb. Behav , 6 : 282 – 288 .
   Google Scholar
• Battig , W. F. and Brackett , H. R. 1961 . Comparison of anticipation and recall methods in paired-associate learning . Psychol. Rep , 9 : 59 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battig , W. F. and Switalski , R. W. 1966 . Comparison of anticipation and recall procedures in verbal-discrimination learning . Psychon. Sci , 6 : 65 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Battig , W. F. and Wu , R. D. 1965 . Comparison of recall and anticipation paired-associate procedures within mixed aurally-presented lists . Psychon. Sci , 3 : 233 – 234 .
   Google Scholar
• Battig , W. F. , Brown , S. C. and Nelson , D. 1963 . Constant vs. varied serial order in paired-associate learning . Psychol. Rep , 12 : 695 – 721 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry , F. M. , Detterman , D. K. and Mulhern , T. 1973 . Stimulus encoding as a function of modality: Aural versus visual paired-associate learning . J. Exper. Psychol , 99 : 140 – 142 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bjork , R. A. 1970 . “ Repetition and rehearsal mechanisms in models for short-term memory ” . In Models of Human Memory , Edited by: Norman , D. A. New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Broadbent , D. E. and Broadbent , M. H. P. 1977 . Comment. Effects of recognition on subsequent recall: Comments on “Determinants of recognition and recall: Accessibility and generation” by Rabinowitz, Mandler, and Patterson . J. Exper. Psychol.: Gen , 106 : 330 – 335 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chechile , R. and Meyer , D. L. 1976 . A Bayesian procedure for separately estimating storage and retrieval components of forgetting . J. Math. Psychol , 13 : 269 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cofer , C. N. , Diamond , F. , Olsen , R. A. , Stein , J. S. and Walker , H. 1967 . Comparison of anticipation and recall methods in paired-associate learning . J. Exper. Psychol , 75 : 545 – 558 .
   Google Scholar
• Collins , A. M. and Loftus , E. F. 1975 . A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing . Psychol. Rev , 82 : 407 – 428 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craik , F. I. M. 1969 . Modality effects in short-term storage . J. Verb. Learn. & Verb. Behav , 8 : 658 – 664 .
   Google Scholar
• Craik , F. L. M. and Lockhart , R. S. 1972 . Levels of processing: A framework for memory research . J. Verb. Learn. & Verb. Behav , 11 : 671 – 684 .
   Google Scholar
• Crowder , R. G. 1976 . Principles of Learning and Memory , 523 Hillsdale , N.J. : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Crowder , R. G. and Morton , J. 1969 . Precategorical acoustic storage (PAS) . Percept. & Psychophys , 5 : 365 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebbinghaus , H. 1885 . Über das Gedächtnis: Untersuchungen zur experimentellen Psychologie , Leipzig , , Germany : Duncker & Humbolt .
   Google Scholar
• Ekstrand , B. R. 1966 . Backward associations . Psychol. Bull , 65 : 50 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engle , R. W. and Mobley , L. A. 1976 . The modality effect: What happens in long-term memory? . J. Verb. Learn. & Verb. Behav , 15 : 519 – 527 .
   Google Scholar
• Estes , W. K. 1955 . Statistical theory of distributional phenomena in learning . Psychol. Rev , 62 : 369 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estes , W. K. 1972 . “ An associative basis for coding and organization in memory ” . In Coding Processes in Human Memory , Edited by: Melton , A. W. and Martin , E. 161 – 190 . New York : Winston & Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Glenberg , A. M. 1976 . Monotonic and nonmonotonic lag effects in paired-associate and recognition memory paradigms . J. Verb. Learn. & Verb. Behav , 15 : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Goss , A. E. and Nodine , C. F. 1965 . Paired-Associate Learning , 358 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hintzman , D. L. 1974 . “ Theoretical implications of the spacing effect ” . In Theories in Cognitive Psychology: The Loyola Symposium , Edited by: Solso , R. L. 77 – 99 . Hillsdale , N. J. : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys , M. S. and Galbraith , R. C. 1975 . Forward and backward associations in cued recall: Predictions from the encoding specificity principle . J. Exper. Psychol.: Hum. Learn. & Mem , 1 : 702 – 710 .
   Google Scholar
• Ingison , L. J. and Ekstrand , B. R. 1970 . Effects of study time, method of presentation, word frequency, and word abstractness on verbal discrimination learning . J. Exper. Psychol , 85 : 249 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• Izawa , C. 1965 . Backward association in paired-associate learning . Jap. Psychol. Res , 7 : 47 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izawa , C. 1967 . Function of test trials in paired-associate learning . J. Exper. Psychol , 75 : 194 – 209 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Izawa , C. 1971 . Massed and spaced practice in paired-associate learning: List versus item distributions . J. Exper. Psychol , 89 : 10 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Izawa , C. 1971 . The test trial potentiating model . J. Math. Psychol , 8 : 200 – 224 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izawa , C. 1972 . Retention interval hypothesis and evidence for its basic assumptions . J. Exper. Psychol , 96 : 17 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Izawa , C. 1974 . Retention interval hypothesis and list lengths: Comparison of anticipation and reinforcement (study)-test procedures . Can. J. Psychol , 28 : 214 – 224 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izawa , C. 1977 . Theoretical and empirical performance differences between anticipation and study-test methods: Retention interval hypothesis vs. spaced practice effects . Jap. Psychol. Res , 19 : 31 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izawa , C. 1979 . A test of the retention interval hypothesis with a constant item presentation order . Jap. Psychol. Res , 21 : 200 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izawa , C. 1979 . Comparisons of learning procedures: Effects of constant and random presentations . Acta Psychol , 42 : 133 – 143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izawa , C. Auditory vs. visual modes in comparing methods of item presentation . XXIInd International Congress of Psychology, Abstract Guide . pp. 190 1
   Google Scholar
• Izawa , C. 1980 . Proactive versus retroactive interference in recognition memory . J. Gen. Psychol , 102 : 53 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izawa , C. 1981 . Quantitative tests of the retention interval model . J. Gen. Psychol , 105 : 273 – 292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izawa , C. 1981 . The retention interval hypothesis and backward associations . Aust. J. Psychol , 33 : 229 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izawa , C. 1981 . The retention interval model: Qualitative and quantitative examinations . Jap. Psychol. Res , 22 : 79 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Izawa , C. 1981 . Toward a quantitative theory for performance differences between anticipation and study-test procedures: The retention interval model . Scand. J. Psychol , 22 : 79 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izawa , C. 1982 . Fundamental similarities and differences between study-test and anticipation item presentation procedures in the learning of linguistic items: Quantitative tests of retention interval model via varied parameter estimation modes . Psychologia , 25 : 1 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izawa , C. 1982 . The retention interval model examined by delayed test performances . J. Gen. Psychol , 106 : 219 – 231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izawa , C. and Morrison , J. E. 1979 . Verbal discrimination learning: Effects of method of presentation, practice distribution, and learning material . J. Gen. Psychol , 101 : 75 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izawa , C. , Bell , D. and Hayden , R. G. 1982 . Role of the item presentation procedure in auditory information processing , New Orleans , Louisiana : Department of Psychology, Tulane University . Unpublished manuscript
   Google Scholar
• Izawa , C. , Hayden , R. G. and Isham , K. L. 1980 . Sensory modality and method of item information presentation in memory . Acta Psychol , 44 : 131 – 145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson , B. S. 1975 . Encoding strategy and retroactive interference in short-term memory . Scand. J. Psychol , 16 : 319 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , G. V. 1976 . A fragmentation hypothesis of memory: Cued recall of pictures and of sequential position . J. Exper. Psychol.: Gen , 105 : 277 – 293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost , A. 1897 . Die Assoziationsfestigkeit in ihrer Abhängigkeit von der Verteilung der Wiederholungen . Z. Psychol , 14 : 436 – 472 .
   Google Scholar
• Kanak , N. J. and Neuner , S. D. 1970 . Associative symmetry and item availability as a function of five methods of paired-associate acquisition . J. Exper. Psychol , 86 : 288 – 295 .
   Google Scholar
• Kanak , N. J. , Cole , L. E. and Eckert , E. 1972 . Implicit associative responses in verbal discrimination acquisition . J. Exper. Psychol , 93 : 309 – 319 .
   Google Scholar
• Kintsch , W. 1966 . Recognition learning as a function of the length of the retention interval and changes in the retention interval . J. Math. Psychol , 3 : 412 – 433 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kintsch , W. 1970 . “ Models for free recall and recognition ” . In Models of Human Memory , Edited by: Norman , D. A. New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kroll , N. E. A. , Parks , T. , Parkinson , S. R. , Bieber , S. L. and Johnson , A. L. 1970 . Short-term memory while shadowing: Recall of visually and of aurally presented letters . J. Exper. Psychol , 85 : 220 – 224 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luh , C. W. 1922 . The conditions of retention . Psychol. Monog , 31 ( No. 3 )
   Google Scholar
• Massaro , D. W. 1976 . “ Auditory information processing ” . In Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes , Edited by: Estes , W. K. 275 – 320 . Hillsdale , N.J. : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• McClelland , J. and Rumelhart , D. 1981 . An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 1. An account of basic findings . Psychol. Rev , 88 : 375 – 407 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merryman , C. , Miller , K. and Chu , G. 1976 . Backward recall of noun-adjective and adjective-noun paired-associate lists . Bull. Psychon. Soc , 8 : 377 – 378 .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , J. 1981 . Constructive processing of sentences: A simulation model of encoding and retrieval . J. Verb. Learn. & Verb. Behav , 20 : 24 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Mueller , J. H. 1977 . Test anxiety, input modality, and levels of organization in free recall . Bull. Psychon. Soc , 9 : 67 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Müller , G. E. 1913 . Zur Analyse der Gedächtnistätigkeit und des Vorstellungsverlaufes . Z. Psychol., Ergänzungsband , : 8
   Google Scholar
• Murdock , B. B. Jr. 1963 . Short-term retention of single paired associates . J. Exper. Psychol , 65 : 433 – 443 .
   Google Scholar
• Murdock , B. B. Jr. 1967 . Auditory and visual stores in short-term memory . Acta Psychol , 27 : 316 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murdock , B. , Hockley , W. and Muter , P. 1977 . Two tests of the conveyor-belt model for item recognition . Can. J. Psychol , 31 : 71 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neisser , U. 1967 . Cognitive Psychology , 351 New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , D. L. , Rowe , F. A. , Engel , J. E. , Wheeler , J. and Garland , R. M. 1970 . Backward relative to forward recall as a function of stimulus meaningfulness and formal interstimulus similarity . J. Exper. Psychol , 83 : 323 – 328 .
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson , L. G. 1973 . Organization by modality in short-term memory . J. Exper. Psychol , 100 : 246 – 253 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Norman , D. and Rumelhart , D. 1970 . “ A system for perception and memory ” . In Models of Human Memory , Edited by: Norman , D. A. New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Norman , D. A. , Rumelhart , D. E. and LNR Research Group. 1975 . Explorations in Cognition , San Francisco : Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Penney , C. G. 1975 . Modality effects in short-term verbal memory . Psychol. Bull , 82 : 68 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , L. R. and Peterson , M. J. 1959 . Short-term retention of individual verbal items . J. Exper. Psychol , 58 : 193 – 198 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pisoni , D. B. 1975 . “ Dichotic listening and processing phonetic features ” . In Cognitive Theory , Edited by: Restle , F. , Shiffrin , R. M. , Castellan , N. J. , Lindman , H. and Pisoni , D. B. Vol. 1 , 79 – 102 . Hillsdale , N.J. : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Quillian , M. R. 1967 . Word concepts: A theory and simulation of some basic semantic capabilities . Behav. Sci , 12 : 410 – 430 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rabinowitz , J. C. , Mandler , G. and Patterson , K. E. 1977 . Determinants of recognition and recall: Accessibility and generation . J. Exper. Psychol.: Gen , 106 : 302 – 329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratcliff , R. and McKoon , G. 1978 . Priming in item recognition: Evidence for the propositional structure of sentences . J. Verb. Learn. & Verb. Behav , 17 : 403 – 417 .
   Google Scholar
• Ratcliff , R. and McKoon , G. 1981 . Automatic and strategic priming in recognition . J. Verb. Learn. & Verb. Behav , 20 : 204 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , B. H. and Bower , G. H. 1981 . Comparisons of models of associative recall . Mem. & Cogn , 9 : 1 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothkoph , E. Z. and Coke , E. U. 1963 . Repetition interval and rehearsal method in learning equivalences from written sentences . J. Verb. Learn. & Verb. Behav , 2 : 406 – 416 .
   Google Scholar
• Rowe , E. J. and Paivio , A. 1972 . Effects of noun imagery, pronunciation, method of presentation, and intrapair order of items in verbal discrimination . J. Exper. Psychol , 93 : 427 – 429 .
   Google Scholar
• Rundus , D. 1973 . Negative effects of using list items as recall cues . J. Verb. Learn. & Verb. Behav , 12 : 43 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Schild , M. E. and Battig , W. F. 1966 . Directionality in paired-associate learning . J. Verb. Learn. & Verb. Behav , 5 : 42 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Schioldborg , P. 1973 . Attention and information storage in visual short-term memory . Scand. J. Psychol , 14 : 1 – 3 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz , R. W. and Kasschau , R. A. 1966 . Serial learning as a function of meaningfulness and mode of presentation with audio and visual stimuli of equivalent duration . J. Exper. Psychol , 71 : 350 – 354 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shepard , R. N. and Teghtsoonian , M. 1961 . Retention of information under conditions approaching a steady state . J. Exper. Psychol , 62 : 302 – 309 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shiffrin , R. M. 1970 . “ Memory Search ” . In Models of Human Memory , Edited by: Norman , D. A. 375 – 447 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Slamecka , N. J. 1976 . An analysis of double function lists . Mem. & Cogn , 4 : 581 – 585 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperling , G. 1967 . Successive approximations to a model for short term memory . Acta Psychol , 27 : 285 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulving , E. and Madigan , S. A. 1970 . Memory and verbal learning . Ann. Rev. Psychol , 21 : 437 – 484 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulving , E. and Thomson , D. M. 1973 . Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory . Psychol. Rev , 80 : 352 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulving , E. and Watkins , M. J. 1973 . Continuity between recall and recognition . Amer. J. Psychol , 86 : 739 – 748 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underwood , B. J. 1961 . Ten years of massed practice on distributed practice . Psychol. Rev , 68 : 229 – 247 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underwood , B. J. and Keppel , G. 1963 . Bidirectional paired-associate learning . Amer. J. Psychol , 76 : 470 – 474 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren , R. E. 1977 . Time and the spread of activation in memory . J. Exper. Psychol.: Hum. Learn. & Mem , 3 : 458 – 466 .
   Google Scholar
• Watkins , O. C. and Watkins , M. J. 1977 . Serial recall and the modality effect: Effects of word frequency . J. Exper. Psychol.: Hum. Learn. & Mem , 3 : 712 – 718 .
   Google Scholar
• Waugh , N. C. and Norman , D. A. 1965 . Primary Memory . Psychol. Rev , 72 : 89 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickelgren , W. A. 1972 . Trace resistance and the decay of long-term memory . J. Math. Psychol , 9 : 418 – 455 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickelgren , W. A. 1973 . The long and the short of memory . Psychol. Bull , 80 : 425 – 438 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickelgren , W. A. 1979 . Chunking and consolidation: A theoretical synthesis of semantic networks, configuring in conditioning, S-R versus cognitive learning, normal forgetting, the amnesic syndrome, and the hippocampal arousal system . Psychol. Rev , 86 : 44 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolford , G. 1971 . Function of distinct associations for paired-associate performance . Psychol. Rev , 78 : 303 – 313 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , J. H. 1967 . Effects of stimulus meaningfulness, method of presentation, and list design on the learning of paired-associates . J. Exper. Psychol , 73 : 72 – 77 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Young , J. L. 1971 . Reinforcement-test intervals in paired-associate learning . J. Math. Psychol , 8 : 58 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar