13
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Psychoendocrinological Aspects of Affective Disorders

Pages 395-421 | Received 12 Apr 1991, Published online: 06 Jul 2010

References

  • Akiskal , H. S. 1989 . New insights into the nature and heterogeneity of mood disorders . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 50 ( 5, Suppl. ) : 6 – 10 .
  • Amsterdam , J. D. and Maislin , G. 1990 . Comparison of growth hormone response after clonidine and insulin hypoglycemia in affective illness . Biological Psychiatry , 28 : 308 – 314 .
  • Amsterdam , J. D. , Maislin , G. , Skolnick , B. , Berwish , N. and Winokur , A. 1989 . Multiple hormone responses to clonidine administration in depressed patients and healthy volunteers . Biological Psychiatry , 26 : 265 – 278 .
  • Amsterdam , J. D. , Schweizer , E. and Winokur , A. 1987 . Multiple hormonal responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in depressed patients and normal volunteers . American Journal of Psychiatry , 144 : 170 – 175 .
  • Ansseau , M. , Von Frenckell , R. , Cerfontaine , J. L. , Papart , P. , Franck , G. , Timsit-Berthier , M. , Geenen , V. and Legros , J. J. 1988 . Blunted response of growth hormone to clonidine and apomorphine in endogenous depression . British Journal of Psychiatry , 153 : 65 – 71 .
  • Anton , R. F. 1987 . Urinary free Cortisol in psychotic depression . Biological Psychiatry , 22 : 24 – 34 .
  • APA Task Force on Laboratory Tests in Psychiatry . 1987 . The dexamethasone suppression test: An overview of its current status in psychiatry . American Journal of Psychiatry , 144 : 1253 – 1262 .
  • Asnis , G. M. , Nathan , R. S. , Halbreich , U. , Halpern , F. S. and Sachar , E. J. 1980 . Prolactin changes in major depressive disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 137 : 1117 – 1118 .
  • Avery , D. H. , Wildschiodtz , G. and Rafaelsen , O. J. 1982 . Nocturnal temperature in affective disorder . Journal of Affective Disorders , 4 : 61 – 71 .
  • Baldessarini , R. J. 1984 . Treatment of depression by altering monoamine metabolism: Precursors and metabolic inhibitors . Psychopharmacology Bulletin , 20 : 224 – 239 .
  • Ballinger , C. B. 1990 . Psychiatric aspects of the menopause . British Journal of Psychiatry , 156 : 773 – 787 .
  • Banki , C. M. , Bissette , G. , Arato , M. and Nemeroff , C. B. 1988 . Elevation of immunoreactive CSF TRH in depressed patients . American Journal of Psychiatry , 145 : 1526 – 1531 .
  • Barry , S. and Dinan , T. G. 1990 . Neuroendocrine challenge tests in depression: A study of growth hormone, TRH and Cortisol release . Journal of Affective Disorders , 18 : 229 – 234 .
  • Bauer , M. S. and Whybrow , P. C. 1990 . Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder. II. Refractory rapid cycling with high-dose levothyroxine: A preliminary study . Archives of General Psychiatry , 47 : 435 – 440 .
  • Bauer , M. S. , Whybrow , P. C. and Winokur , A. 1990 . Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder. I. Association with grade 1 hypothyroidism . Archives of General Psychiatry , 47 : 427 – 432 .
  • Berger , M. , Doerr , P. , Lund , R. , Bronisch , T. and Von Zerssen , D. 1982 . Neuroendocrinological and neurophysiological studies in major depressive disorders: Are there biological markers for the endogenous subtype? . Biological Psychiatry , 17 : 1217 – 1242 .
  • Berger , M. , Pirke , K.-M. , Doerr , P. , Krieg , J.-C. and Von Zerssen , D. 1984 . The limited utility of the dexamethasone suppression test for the diagnostic process in psychiatry . British Journal of Psychiatry , 144 : 372 – 382 .
  • Board , P. , Persky , H. and Hamburg , D. A. 1956 . Psychological stress and endocrine functions: Blood levels of adrenocortical and thyroid hormones in acutely disturbed patients . Psychosomatic Medicine , 18 : 324 – 333 .
  • Brown , G. M. 1989 . Psychoendocrinology of depression . Psychiatric Journal of University of Ottawa , 14 : 344 – 348 .
  • Brown , W. A. , Arato , M. and Shrivastava , R. 1986 . Pituitary-adrenocortical hyperfunction and intolerance to fluvoxamine, a selective serotonin uptake inhibitor . American Journal of Psychiatry , 143 : 88 – 90 .
  • Brown , W. A. , Keitner , G. , Quails , C. B. and Haier , R. 1985 . The dexamethasone suppression test and pituitary-adrenocortical function . Archives of General Psychiatry , 42 : 121 – 123 .
  • Browne , J. L. , Rice , J. L. , Evans , D. L. and Prange , A. J. 1990 . Triiodothyronine augmentation of the antidepressant effect of nontricyclic antidepressant trazodone . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 178 : 598 – 599 .
  • Burch , E. A. Jr. and Messervy , T. W. 1978 . Psychiatric symptoms in medical illness: Hyperthyroidism revisited . Psychosomatics , 19 : 71 – 75 .
  • Carpenter , W. T. Jr. and Bunney , W. E. Jr. 1971 . Adrenal cortical activity in depressive illness . American Journal of Psychiatry , 128 : 31 – 40 .
  • Carroll , B. J. 1976 . Limbic system-adrenal cortex regulation in depression and schizophrenia . Psychosomatic Medicine , 38 : 106 – 121 .
  • Carroll , B. J. , Curtis , G. C. and Mendels , J. 1976a . Neuroendocrine regulation in depression: I. Limbic system-adrenocortical dysfunction . Archives of General Psychiatry , 33 : 1039 – 1044 .
  • Carroll , B. J. , Curtis , G. C. and Mendels , J. 1976b . Neuroendocrine regulation in depression: II. Discrimination of depressed from nondepressed patients . Archives of General Psychiatry , 33 : 1051 – 1058 .
  • Casat , C. D. and Powell , K. 1988 . The dexamethasone suppression test in children and adolescents with major depressive disorders: A review . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 49 ( 10 ) : 390 – 393 .
  • Chamberlain , S. , Hahn , P. M. , Casson , P. and Reid , R. L. 1990 . Effect of menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive use on serum lithium levels after a loading dose of lithium in normal women . American Journal of Psychiatry , 147 : 907 – 909 .
  • Cho , J. T. , Bone , S. , Dunner , D. L. , Colt , E. and Fieve , R. R. 1979 . The effect of lithium treatment on thyroid function in patients with primary affective disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 136 : 115 – 116 .
  • Cookson , J. C. 1985 . The neuroendocrinology of mania . Journal of Affective Disorders , 8 : 233 – 241 .
  • Coppen , A. , Rao , R. , Bishop , M. , Abou-Saleh , M. T. and Wood , K. 1980 . Neuroendocrine studies in affective disorders: Part I. Plasma prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in affective disorders: Effect of ECT . Journal of Affective Disorders , 2 : 311 – 315 .
  • Coryell , W. 1990 . DST abnormality as a predictor of course in major depression . Journal of Affective Disorders , 19 : 163 – 169 .
  • Coryell , W. , Pfohl , B. and Zimmerman , M. 1984 . The clinical and neuroendocrine features of psychotic depression . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 172 : 521 – 528 .
  • Cowdry , R. W. , Wehr , T. A. , Zis , A. P. and Goodwin , F. K. 1983 . Thyroid abnormalities associated with rapid-cycling bipolar illness . Archives of General Psychiatry , 40 : 414 – 420 .
  • Czeisler , C. A. , Kronauer , R. E. , Allan , J. S. , Duffy , J. F. , Jewett , M. E. , Brown , E. N. and Ronda , J. M. 1989 . Bright light induction of strong (type O) resetting of human circadian pacemaker . Science , 244 : 1328 – 1333 .
  • Deakin , J. F. W. , Pennell , I. , Upadhyaya , A. J. and Lofthouse , P. 1990 . A neuroendocrine study of 5HT function in depression: Evidence for biological mechanisms of endogenous and psychosocial causation . Psychopharmacology , 101 : 85 – 89 .
  • De La Fuente , J.-R. and Rosenbaum , A. H. 1981 . Prolactin in psychiatry . American Journal of Psychiatry , 138 : 1154 – 1160 .
  • Denicoff , K. D. , Joffe , R. T. , Lakshmanan , M. C. , Robbins , J. and Rubinow , D. R. 1990 . Neuropsychiatrie manifestations of altered thyroid state . American Journal of Psychiatry , 147 : 94 – 99 .
  • Dinan , T. G. and Barry , S. 1990 . Growth hormone responses to desipramine in endogenous and non-endogenous depression . British Journal of Psychiatry , 156 : 680 – 684 .
  • Duval , F. , Macher , J.-P. and Mokrani , M.-C. 1990 . Difference between evening and morning thyrotropin responses to protirelin in major depressive episode . Archives of General Psychiatry , 47 : 443 – 448 .
  • Ehlert , U. , Patalla , U. , Kirschbaum , C. , Piedmont , E. and Hellhammer , D. 1990 . Postpartum blues: Salivary Cortisol and psychological factors . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 34 : 319 – 325 .
  • Endicott , J. , Spitzer , R. L. , Fliess , J. L. and Cohen , J. 1976 . The global assessment scale-a procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance . Archives of General Psychiatry , 33 : 766 – 771 .
  • Ettigi , P. G. and Brown , G. W. 1977 . Psychoneuroendocrinology of affective disorder: An overview . American Journal of Psychiatry , 134 : 493 – 499 .
  • Evans , R. M. 1988 . The steriod and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily . Science , 240 : 889 – 895 .
  • Evered , D. C. , Ormston , B. J. , Smith , P. A. , Hall , R. and Bird , T. 1973 . Grades of hypothyroidism . British Medical Journal , 1 : 657 – 662 .
  • Extein , I. , Pottash , A. L. C. and Gold , M. S. 1982 . Does subclinical hypothyroidism predispose to tricyclic-induced rapid mood cycles? . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 43 ( 1 ) : 290 – 291 .
  • Extein , I. , Pottash , A. L. C. and Gold , M. S. 1984 . TRH test in affective disorders . Psychosomatics , 25 : 379 – 389 .
  • Extein , I. , Pottash , A. L. C. , Gold , M. S. , Sweeney , D. R. , Martin , D. M. and Goodwin , F. K. 1980 . Deficient prolactin response to morphine in depressed patients . American Journal of Psychiatry , 137 : 845 – 846 .
  • Fava , G. A. , Lisansky , J. , Buckman , M. T. , Kellner , R. , Pathak , D. , Fava , M. and Peake , G. T. 1988 . Prolactin, Cortisol, and antidepressant treatment . American Journal of Psychiatry , 145 : 358 – 360 .
  • Feinberg , M. and Carroll , B. J. 1984 . Biological “markers” for endogenous depression . Archives of General Psychiatry , 41 : 1080 – 1085 .
  • Fung , H. Y. , Kologlu , M. , Collision , K. , John , R. , Richards , C. J. , Hall , R. and McGregor , A. M. 1988 . Post partum thyroid dysfunction in Mid Glamorgan . British Medical Journal , 296 : 241 – 244 .
  • Garver , D. L. and Davis , J. M. 1979 . Biogenic amine hypothesis of affective disorders . Life Sciences , 24 : 383 – 394 .
  • George , A. J. , Copeland , J. R. M. and Wilson , K. C. M. 1980 . Prolactin secretion and the postpartum blues syndrome . British Journal of Pharmacology , 70 : 102
  • Gewirtz , G. R. , Malaspina , D. , Hatterer , J. A. , Feureisen , S. , Klein , D. and Gorman , J. M. 1988 . Occult thyroid dysfunction in patients with refractory depression . American Journal of Psychiatry , 145 : 1012 – 1014 .
  • Gitlin , M. J. and Pasnau , R. O. 1989 . Psychiatric syndromes linked to reproductive function in women: A review of current knowledge . American Journal of Psychiatry , 146 : 1413 – 1422 .
  • Gold , M. S. , Pottash , A. C. , Mueller , E. A. III and Extein , I. 1981 . Grades of thyroid failure in 100 depressed and anergic psychiatric inpatients . American Journal of Psychiatry , 138 : 253 – 255 .
  • Gold , P. W. , Goodwin , F. K. and Chrousos , G. P. 1988 . Clinical and biochemical manifestations of depression: Relation to the neurobiology of stress . New England Journal of Medicine , 319 : 413 – 420 .
  • Gold , P. W. , Loriaux , D. L. , Roy , A. , Kling , M. A. , Calabrese , J. R. , Kellner , C. H. , Nieman , L. K. , Post , R. M. , Pickar , D. , Galucci , W. , Augerinos , P. , Paul , S. , Oldfield , E. H. , Cutler , G. B. Jr. and Chrousos , G. P. 1986 . Responses to corticotropin-releasing hormone in the hypercortolism of depression and Cushing's disease . New England Journal of Medicine , 314 : 1329 – 1335 .
  • Golstein , J. , VanCauter , E. , Linkowski , P. , Vanhaelst , L. and Mendlewicz , J. 1980 . Thyrotropin nyctohemeral pattern in primary depression: Differences between unipolar and bipolar women . Life Sciences , 27 : 1695 – 1703 .
  • Goodman , W. K. and Charney , D. S. 1985 . Therapeutic applications and mechanisms of action of monoamine oxidase inhibitor and heterocyclic antidepressant drugs . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 46 ( 10 ) : 6 – 22 .
  • Goodwin , F. K. , Prange , A. J. Jr. , Post , R. M. , Muscettola , G. and Lipton , M. A. 1982 . Potentiation of antidepressant effects by 1-triiodothyronine in tricyclic nonresponders . American Journal of Psychiatry , 139 : 34 – 38 .
  • Goodwin , G. M. , Fairburn , C. G. , Keenan , J. C. and Cowen , P. J. 1988 . The effects of dieting and weight loss upon the stimulation of thyrotropin (TSH) by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and suppression of Cortisol secretion by dexamethasone in men and women . Journal of Affective Disorders , 14 : 137 – 144 .
  • Grof , E. , Brown , G. M. , Grof , P. and Finkelberg , F. 1981 . Depression and hormones: An outline and some perspectives . International Journal of Mental Health , 9 ( 3–4 ) : 67 – 90 .
  • Gruen , P. H. , Sachar , E. J. , Altman , N. and Sassin , J. 1975 . Growth hormone responses to hypoglycemia in postmenopausal depressed women . Archives of General Psychiatry , 32 : 31 – 33 .
  • Haggerty , J. J. , Evans , D. L. , Golden , R. N. , Pedersen , C. A. , Simon , J. S. and Nemeroff , C. B. 1990 . The presence of antithyroid antibodies in patients with affective and nonaffective psychiatric disorders . Biological Psychiatry , 27 : 51 – 60 .
  • Halbreich , U. , Crunhaus , L. and Ben-David , M. 1979 . Twenty-four-hour rhythm of prolactin in depressive patients . Archives of General Psychiatry , 36 : 1183 – 1186 .
  • Halbreich , U. , Vital-Herve , J , Goldstein , S. and Zander , K. 1984 . Sex differences in biological factors putatively related to depression . Journal of Affective Disorders , 7 : 223 – 233 .
  • Hamilton , M. 1960 . A rating scale for depression . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 23 : 56 – 62 .
  • Hamilton , J. A. , Parry , B. L. and Blumenthal , S. J. 1988a . The menstrual cycle in context, I: Affective syndromes associated with reproductive hormonal changes . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 49 ( 12 ) : 474 – 480 .
  • Hamilton , J. A. , Parry , B. L. and Blumenthal , S. J. 1988b . The menstrual cycle in context, II; Human gonadal steroid hormone variability . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 49 ( 12 ) : 480 – 484 .
  • Harris , B. , Johns , S. , Fung , H. , Thomas , R. , Walker , R. , Read , G. and Riad-Fahmy , D. 1989 . The hormonal environment of post-natal depression . British Journal of Psychiatry , 154 : 660 – 667 .
  • Hershman , J. M. 1974 . Clinical application of thyrotropin-releasing hormone . New England Journal of Medicine , 290 : 886 – 890 .
  • Hirschfeld , R. M. A. , Koslow , S. H. and Kupfer , D. J. 1983 . The clinical utility of the dexamethasone suppression test . Journal of the American Medical Association , 250 : 2172 – 2174 .
  • Holsboer , F. , Gerken , A. , Stalla , G. K. and Muller , O. A. 1987 . Blunted aldosterone and ACTH release after human CRH administration in depressed patients . American Journal of Psychiatry , 144 : 229 – 231 .
  • Isaacs , G. , Stainer , D. S. , Sensky , T. E. , Moor , S. and Thompson , C. 1988 . Phototherapy and its mechanisms of action in seasonal affective disorder . Journal of Affective Disorders , 14 : 13 – 19 .
  • Jacobsen , F. M. , Wehr , T. A. , Skwerer , R. A. , Sack , D. A. and Rosenthal , N. E. 1987 . Morning versus midday phototherapy seasonal affective disorder . American Journal of Psychotherapy , 144 : 1301 – 1305 .
  • Jarrett , D. B. , Miewald , J. M. and Kupfer , D. J. 1990 . Recurrent depression is associated with a persistent reduction in sleep-related growth hormone secretion . Archives of General Psychiatry , 47 : 113 – 118 .
  • Joffe , R. T. 1988 . Triiodothyronine potentiation of the antidepressant effect of phenelzine . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 10 : 409 – 410 .
  • Joffe , R. T. , Blank , D. W. , Post , R. M. and Uhde , T. W. 1985 . Decreased triiodothyronine in depression: A preliminary report . Biological Psychiatry , 20 : 922 – 925 .
  • Joffe , R. T. , Roy-Byrne , P. P. , Uhde , T. W. and Post , R. M. 1984 . Thyroid function and affective illness: A reappraisal . Biological Psychiatry , 19 : 1685 – 1691 .
  • Judd , L. L. , Risch , S. C. , Parker , D. C. , Janowsky , D. S. , Segal , D. S. and Huey , L. Y. 1982 . Blunted prolactic response: A neuroendocrine abnormality manifested by depressed patients . Archives of General Psychiatry , 39 : 1413 – 1416 .
  • Kastin , A. J. , Schaech , D. S. , Ehrensing , R. H. and Anderson , M. S. 1972 . Improvement in mental depression with decreased thyrotropin response after administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone . Lancet , 2 : 740 – 742 .
  • Kennedy , S. H. , Tighe , S. , McVey , G. and Brown , G. M. 1989 . Melatonin and Cortisol “switches” during mania, depression, and euthymia in a drug-free bipolar patient . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 17 : 300 – 303 .
  • Kirkegaard , C. , Norlem , N. , Lauridsen , V. B. , Bjorum , N. and Christiansen , C. 1975 . Protirelin stimulation test and thyroid function during treatment of depression . Archives of General Psychiatry , 32 : 1115 – 1118 .
  • Klaiber , E. L. , Broverman , D. M. , Vogel , W. and Kobayashi , Y. 1979 . Estrogen therapy for severe persistent depressions in women . Archives of General Psychiatry , 36 : 550 – 554 .
  • Kling , M. A. , Perini , G. I. , Demitrack , M. A. , Geracioti , T. D. , Chrousos , G. P. and Gold , P. Q. 1989 . Stress-response neurohormonal systems and the symptom complex of affective illness . Psychopharmacology Bulletin , 25 : 312 – 318 .
  • Kramlinger , K. G. and Post , R. M. 1990 . Addition of lithium carbonate to carbamazepine: Hematological and thyroid effects . American Journal of Psychiatry , 147 : 615 – 620 .
  • Kronfol , Z. , Nasrallah , H. A. , Champman , S. and House , J. D. 1985 . Depression, Cortisol metabolism and lymphocytopenia . Journal of Affective Disorders , 9 : 169 – 173 .
  • Langer , G. , Koinig , G. , Hatziner , R. , Schonbeck , G. , Resch , F. , Aschauer , H. , Keshavan , M. S. and Sieghart , W. 1986 . Response of thyrotropin to thyrotropin-releasing hormone as predictor of treatment outcome . Archives of General Psychiatry , 43 : 861 – 868 .
  • Lesch , K.-P. , Laux , G. , Schulte , H. M. , Pfuller , H. and Beckmann , H. 1988 . Abnormal responsiveness of growth hormone to human corticotropin-releasing hormone in major depressive disorder . Journal of Affective Disorders , 14 : 245 – 250 .
  • Levy , A. B. and Stern , S. L. 1987 . DST and TRH stimulation test in mood disorder subtypes . American Journal of Psychiatry , 144 : 472 – 475 .
  • Levy , V. 1987 . The maternity blues in post-partum and post-operative women . British Journal of Psychiatry , 151 : 368 – 372 .
  • Lewis , D. O. , Comite , F. , Mallouh , C. , Zadunaisky , L. , Hutchinson-Williams , K. , Cherksey , B. D. and Yeager , C. 1987 . Bipolar mood disorder and endometriosis: Preliminary findings . American Journal of Psychiatry , 144 : 1588 – 1591 .
  • Lewy , A. J. , Sack , R. L. , Miller , L. S. and Hoban , T. M. 1986 . Antidepressant circadian phase-shifting effects of light . Science , 235 : 352 – 354 .
  • Lindstedt , G. , Nilsson , L.-A. , Walinder , J. , Skott , A. and Ohman , R. 1977 . On the prevalence, diagnosis and management of lithium-induced hypothryoidism in psychiatric patients . British Journal of Psychiatry , 130 : 452 – 458 .
  • Linkowski , P. , Van Cauter , E. , L'Hermite-Baleriaux , M. , Kerkhofs , M. , Hubain , M. , L'Hermite , M. and Mendlewicz , J. 1989 . The 24-hour profile of plasma prolactin in men with major endogenous depressive illness . Archives of General Psychiatry , 46 : 813 – 819 .
  • Lisansky , J. , Fava , G. A. , Buckman , M. T. , Kellner , R. , Fava , M. , Zielezny , M. and Peake , G. T. 1984 . Prolactin, amitriptyline, and recovery from depression . Psychopharmacology , 84 : 331 – 335 .
  • Loosen , P. T. and Prange , A. J. Jr. 1982 . Serum thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in psychiatric patients: A review . American Journal of Psychiatry , 139 : 405 – 416 .
  • McNeal , E. T. and Cimbolic , P. 1986 . Antidepressants and biochemical theories of depression . Psychological Bulletin , 99 : 361 – 374 .
  • Meller , W. , Kathol , R. G. , Jaeckle , R. S. , Grambsch , P. and Lopez , J. F. 1988 . HPA axis abnormalities in depressed patients with normal response to the DST . American Journal of Psychiatry , 145 : 318 – 324 .
  • Meltzer , H. Y. 1981 . Prolactin and psychiatry . American Journal of Psychiatry , 136 : 1203 – 1206 .
  • Mueller , P. S. , Heninger , G. R. and McDonald , R. K. 1969 . Intravenous glucose tolerance test in depression . Archives of General Psychiatry , 21 : 470 – 477 .
  • Murray , J. B. 1985 . New psychoactive drugs . Genetic Psychology Monographs , 111 : 431 – 453 .
  • Murray , J. B. 1989 . Geophysical variables and behavior. LVII. Seasonal affective disorder and phototherapy . Psychological Reports , 64 : 787 – 801 .
  • Nemeroff , C. B. 1989 . Clinical significance of psychoneuroendocrinology in psychiatry: Focus on the thyroid and adrenal . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 50 ( 5 Suppl. ) : 13 – 20 .
  • Nemeroff , C. B. , Simon , J. S. , Haggerty , J. J. Jr. and Evans , D. L. 1985 . Antithyroid antibodies in depressed patients . American Journal of Psychiatry , 142 : 840 – 843 .
  • Niles , L. P. , Brown , G. M. and Grata , L. J. 1979 . Role of the pineal gland in diurnal endocrine secretion and rhythm regulation . Neuroendocrinology , 29 : 14 – 21 .
  • Nott , P. N. , Franklin , M. , Armitage , C. and Gelder , M. G. 1976 . Hormonal changes and mood in the puerperium . British Journal of Psychiatry , 128 : 379 – 383 .
  • Orenstein , H. , Peskind , A. and Raskind , M. A. 1988 . Thyroid disorders in female psychiatric patients with panic disorder or agoraphobia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 145 : 1428 – 1430 .
  • Ostrow , D. 1985 . The new generation antidepressants: Promising innovations or disappointments? . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 46 ( 10 ) : 25 – 30 .
  • Parker , D. C. , Pekary , A. E. and Hershman , J. M. 1974 . Effect of normal and reversed sleep-wake cycles upon nyctohemeral rhythmicity of plasma thyrotropin . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism , 43 : 318 – 329 .
  • Perrild , H. , Hegedus , L. , Baastrup , P. C. , Kayser , L. and Kastberg , S. 1990 . Thyroid function and ultrasonically determined thyroid size in patients receiving long-term lithium treatment . American Journal of Psychiatry , 147 : 1518 – 1521 .
  • Pfohl , B. , Sherman , B. , Schlechte , J. and Stone , R. 1985 . Pituitary-adrenal axis rhythm disturbance in psychiatric depression . Archives of General Psychiatry , 42 : 897 – 903 .
  • Platman , S. R. and Fieve , R. R. 1968 . Lithium carbonate and plasma Cortisol response in the affective disorders . Archives of General Psychiatry , 18 : 591 – 594 .
  • Popkin , M. K. , Callies , A. L. , Lentz , R. D. , Colon , E. A. and Sutherland , D. E. 1988 . Prevalence of major depression, simple phobia, and other psychiatric disorders in patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes mellitus . Archives of General Psychiatry , 45 : 64 – 68 .
  • Post , R. M. , Kramlinger , K. G. , Altshuler , L. L. , Ketter , T. and Denicoff , K. 1990 . Rapid cycling bipolar disorder . Psychopharmacology Bulletin , 26 : 37 – 47 .
  • Post , R. M. , Uhde , T. W. , Roy-Byrne , P. P. and Joffe , R. T. 1986 . Antidepressant effects of carbamazepine . American Journal of Psychiatry , 143 : 29 – 34 .
  • Prange , A. J. Jr. , Lara , P. P. , Wilson , I. C. , Alltop , L. B. and Breese , G. R. 1972 . Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in depression . Lancet , 2 : 999 – 1002 .
  • Prange , A. J. Jr. , Lipton , M. A. , Nemeroff , C. B. and Wilson , I. C. 1977 . The role of hormones in depression . Life Sciences , 20 : 1305 – 1317 .
  • Prange , A. J. Jr. and Loosen , P. T. 1980 . Some endocrine aspects of affective disorders . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 41 ( 12 ) : 29 – 34 .
  • Puig-Antich , J. , Dahl , R. , Ryan , N. , Novachenko , H. , Goetz , D. , Goetz , R. , Twomey , J. and Klepper , T. 1989 . Cortisol secretion in prepubertal children with major depressive disorder . Archives of General Psychiatry , 46 : 801 – 809 .
  • Regier , D. A. , Hirschfeld , R. M. A. , Goodwin , F. K. , Burke , J. D. Jr. , Lazar , J. B. and Judd , L. L. 1988 . The NIMH depression awareness, recognition, and treatment program: Structure, aims, and scientific basis . American Journal of Psychiatry , 145 : 1351 – 1357 .
  • Reppert , S. M. , Weaver , D. R. , Rivkees , S. A. and Stopa , E. G. 1988 . Putative melatonin receptors in a human biological clock . Science , 242 : 78 – 81 .
  • Reus , V. I. 1986 . Behavioral disturbances associated with endocrine disorders . Annual Review of Medicine , 37 : 205 – 214 .
  • Reus , V. I. , Gold , P. and Post , R. 1979 . Lithium-induced thyrotoxicosis . American Journal of Psychiatry , 136 : 724 – 725 .
  • Richelson , E. 1985 . Pharmacology of neuroleptics in use in the United States . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 46 ( 8 ) : 8 – 14 .
  • Rosenthal , N. E. , Jacobsen , F. M. , Sack , D. A. , Arendt , J. , James , S. P. , Parry , B. L. and Wehr , T. A. 1988 . Atenolol in seasonal affective disorder: A test of the melatonin hypothesis . American Journal of Psychiatry , 145 : 52 – 56 .
  • Rosenthal , N. E. , Sack , D. A. , Carpenter , C. J. , Parry , B. L. , Mendelson , W. B. and Wehr , T. A. 1985 . Antidepressant effects of light in seasonal affective disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 142 : 163 – 170 .
  • Roy , A. 1988 . Cortisol nonsuppression in depression: Relationship to clinical variables . Journal of Affective Disorders , 14 : 265 – 270 .
  • Roy , A. , Pickar , D. and Paul , S. 1984 . Biologic tests in depression . Psychosomatics , 25 : 443 – 451 .
  • Roy-Byrne , P. P. , Joffe , R. T. , Uhde , T. W. and Post , R. M. 1984 . Carbamazepine and thyroid function in affectively ill patients . Archives of General Psychiatry , 41 : 1150 – 1153 .
  • Rubin , R. T. and Mandell , A. J. 1966 . Adrenal corticol activity in pathological emotional states: A review . American Journal of Psychiatry , 123 : 387 – 400 .
  • Rubin , R. T. , Poland , R. E. and Lesser , I. M. 1990 . Neuroendocrine aspects of primary endogenous depression: X. Serum growth hormone measures in patients and matched control subjects . Biological Psychiatry , 27 : 1065 – 1082 .
  • Rubin , R. T. , Poland , R. E. , Lesser , I. M. and Martin , D. J. 1989 . Neuroendocrine aspects of primary endogenous depression: V. Serum prolactin measures in patients and matched control subjects . Biological Psychiatry , 25 : 4 – 21 .
  • Rubinow , D. R. , Roy-Byrne , P. , Hoban , M. C. , Gold , P. W. and Post , R. M. 1984 . Prospective assessment of menstrually related mood disorders . American Journal of Psychiatry , 141 : 684 – 686 .
  • Ryan , N. D. , Puig-Antich , J. , Rabinovich , H. , Ambrosini , P. , Robinson , D. , Nelson , B. and Novachenko , H. 1988 . Growth hormone responses to desmethylimipramine in depressed and suicidal adolescents . Journal of Affective Disorders , 15 : 323 – 337 .
  • Sachar , E. J. , Finkelstein , J. and Hellman , L. 1971 . Growth hormone responses in depressive illness: I. Response to Insulin Tolerance Test . Archives of General Psychiatry , 25 : 263 – 269 .
  • Sachar , E. J. , Frantz , A. G. , Altaian , N. and Sassin , J. 1973 . Growth hormone and prolactin in unipolar and bipolar depressed patients: Responses to hypoglycemia andl-dopa . American Journal of Psychiatry , 130 : 1362 – 1366 .
  • Sachar , E. J. , Hellman , L. , Fukushima , D. K. and Gallagher , T. F. 1970 . Cortisol production in depressive illness . Archives of General Psychiatry , 23 : 289 – 298 .
  • Sack , R. L. , Lewy , A. J. , White , D. M. , Singer , G. M. , Fireman , M. J. and Vandiver , R. 1990 . Morning vs. evening light treatment of winter depression: Evidence that the therapeutic effects of light are mediated by circadian phase shifts . Archives of General Psychiatry , 47 : 343 – 355 .
  • Schlesser , M. A. , Winokur , G. and Sherman , B. M. 1980 . Hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis activity in depressive illness . Archives of General Psychiatry , 37 : 737 – 743 .
  • Schwarcz , G. , Halaris , A. , Baxter , L. , Escobar , J. , Thompson , M. and Young , M. 1984 . Normal thyroid function in desipramine nonresponders converted to responders by the addition of 1-triiodothyronine . American Journal of Psychiatry , 141 : 1614 – 1616 .
  • Sharma , M. , Palacios-Bois , J. , Schwartz , G. , Iskandar , H. , Thakur , M. , Quirion , R. and Nair , N. P. V. 1989 . Orcadian rhythms of melatonin and Cortisol in aging . Biological Psychiatry , 25 : 305 – 319 .
  • Sherwin , B. B. 1988 . Affective changes with estrogen and androgen replacement therapy in surgically menopausal women . Journal of Affective Disorders , 14 : 177 – 182 .
  • Siever , L. J. and Davis , K. L. 1985 . Overview: Toward a dysregulation hypothesis of depression . American Journal of Psychiatry , 142 : 1013 – 1017 .
  • Silverstone , T. 1985 . Dopamine in manic depressive illness: A pharmacological synthesis . Journal of Affective Disorders , 8 : 225 – 231 .
  • Snyder , S. H. 1984 . Drug and neurotransmitter receptors in the brain . Science , 224 : 22 – 31 .
  • Souetre , E. , Salvati , E. , Wehr , T. A. , Sack , D. A. , Krebs , B. and Darcourt , G. 1988 . Twenty-four-hour profiles of body temperature and plasma TSH in bipolar patients during depression and during remission and in normal control subjects . American Journal of Psychiatry , 145 : 1133 – 1137 .
  • Stander , H. C. and Persad , E. 1982 . Treatment of intractable rapid-cycling manicdepressive disorder with levothyroxine . Archives of General Psychiatry , 39 : 311 – 312 .
  • Sternbach , H. , Gerner , R. H. and Gwirtsman , H. E. 1982 . The thyrotropin releasing hormone stimulation test: A review . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 43 ( 1 ) : 4 – 6 .
  • Stewart , D. E. , Addison , A. M. , Robinson , G. E. , Jofife , R. , Burrow , G. N. and Olmsted , M. P. 1988 . Thyroid function in psychosis following childbirth . American Journal of Psychiatry , 145 : 1579 – 1581 .
  • Susman , V. L. and Katz , J. L. 1988 . Weaning and depression: Another postpartum complication . American Journal of Psychiatry , 145 : 498 – 501 .
  • Swade , C. , Metcalfe , M. , Coppen , A. , Mendlewicz , J. and Linkowski , P. 1987 . Seasonal variations in the dexamethasone suppression test . Journal of Affective Disorders , 13 : 9 – 11 .
  • Takahasi , J. S. and Zatz , M. 1982 . Regulation of circadian rhythmicity . Science , 217 : 1104 – 1111 .
  • Tamarkin , L. , Baird , C. J. and Almeida , O. F. X. 1985 . Melatonin: A coordinating signal for mammalian reproduction? . Science , 227 : 714 – 720 .
  • Tapp , A. 1988 . Affective cycling in thyroid disease . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 49 ( 5 ) : 199 – 200 .
  • Targum , S. D. , Greenberg , R. D. , Harmon , R. L. , Kessler , K. , Salerian , A. J. and Fram , D. H. 1984 . Thyroid hormone and the TRH stimulation test in refractory depression . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 45 ( 8 ) : 345 – 346 .
  • Thase , M. E. , Kupfer , D. J. and Jarrett , D. B. 1989 . Treatment of imipramineresistant recurrent depression: I. An open clinical trial of adjunctive ltriiodothyronine . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 50 ( 10 ) : 385 – 388 .
  • Tollefson , G. , Valentine , R. , Hoffman , N. , Garvey , M. J. and Tuason , V. B. 1985 . Thyroxine binding and TSH in recurrent depressive episodes . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 46 ( 1 ) : 267 – 272 .
  • van Bemmel , A. L. , van Diest , R. , Smeets , E. H. J. , van Dongen , P. H. M. and Hilgerson , A. J. C. 1988 . Seasonal variation of Cortisol plasma levels in depressives . Journal of Affective Disorders , 15 : 191 – 193 .
  • Volkow , N. D. , Fowler , J. S. , Wolf , A. P. , Schlyer , D. , Shiue , C.-Y. , Alpert , R. , Dewey , S. L. , Logan , J. , Bendriem , B. , Christman , D. , Hitzemann , R. and Henn , F. 1990 . Effects of chronic cocaine abuse on postsynaptic dopamine receptors . American Journal of Psychiatry , 147 : 719 – 724 .
  • Wager , S. G. and Klein , D. F. 1988 . Drug therapy strategies for treatment-resistant depression . Psychopharmacology Bulletin , 24 : 67 – 74 .
  • Wallace , J. E. , MacCrimmon , D. J. and Goldberg , W. M. 1980 . Acute hyperthyroidism: Cognitive and emotional correlates . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 89 : 519 – 527 .
  • Walter , R. W. G. and Fabs , J. J. 1987 . The problem with parsimony: Mania and hyperthyroidism . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 48 ( 7 ) : 289 – 290 .
  • Wehr , T. S. , Skwerer , R. G. , Jacobsen , F. M. , Sack , D. A. and Rosenthal , N. E. 1987 . Eye versus skin phototherapy of seasonal affective disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 144 : 753 – 757 .
  • Whybrow , P. C. , Coppen , A. , Prange , A. J. Jr. , Noguera , R. and Bailey , J. E. 1972 . Thyroid function and the response to liothyronine in depression . Archives of General Psychiatry , 26 : 242 – 245 .
  • Whybrow , P. C. and Prange , A. J. Jr. 1981 . A hypothesis of thyroid catecholamine-receptor interaction . Archives of General Psychiatry , 38 : 106 – 113 .
  • Whybrow , P. C. , Prange , A. J. Jr. and Treadway , C. R. 1969 . Mental changes accompanying thyroid gland dysfunction . Archives of General Psychiatry , 20 : 48 – 63 .
  • Wilkinson , D. G. 1981 . Psychiatric aspects of diabetes mellitus . British Journal of Psychiatry , 138 : 1 – 9 .
  • Winokur , A. , Amsterdam , J. , Caroff , S. , Snyder , P. J. and Brunswick , D. 1982 . Variability of hormonal responses to a series of neuroendocrine challenges in depressed patients . American Journal of Psychiatry , 139 : 39 – 44 .
  • Winokur , A. , Amsterdam , J. D. , Oler , J. , Mendels , J. , Snyder , P. J. , Caroff , S. N. and Brunswick , D. J. 1983 . Multiple hormonal responses to protirelin (TRH) in depressed patients . Archives of General Psychiatry , 40 : 525 – 531 .
  • Winokur , A. , Maislin , G. , Phillips , J. L. and Amsterdam , J. D. 1988 . Insulin resistance after oral glucose tolerance testing in patients with major depression . American Journal of Psychiatry , 145 : 325 – 330 .
  • Wright , J. H. , Jacisin , J. J. , Radin , N. S. and Bell , R. A. 1978 . Glucose metabolism in unipolar depression . British Journal of Psychiatry , 132 : 386 – 392 .
  • Yassa , R. , Saunders , A. , Nastase , C. and Camille , Y. 1988 . Lithium-induced thyroid disorders: A prevalence study . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 49 ( 1 ) : 14 – 16 .
  • Zimmerman , M. , Coryell , W. H. and Black , D. W. 1990 . Variability in application of contemporary diagnostic criteria: Endogenous depression as an example . American Journal of Psychiatry , 147 : 1173 – 1179 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.