False memories and the DRM paradigm: effects of imagery, list, and test type

References

• Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974) Working memory. In G. H. Bower (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 8, pp. 47–89). New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ballardini, N., Yamashita, J. A., & Wallace, W. P. (2008). Presentation duration and false recall for semantic and phonological associates. Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal, 17(1), 64–71. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2007.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballou, M. R., & Sommers, M. S. (2008). Similar phenomena, different mechanisms: Semantic and phonological false memories are produced by different mechanisms. Memory and Cognition, 36, 1450–1459. doi: 10.3758/MC….8.1450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bays, R. B. & Foley, M. A. (2015). Autobiographical memories and the DRM illusion: Investigating the content and process of lure activations. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 29, 742–752. doi: 10.1002/acp.3158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bays, R. B., Foley, M. A., & Zabrucky, K. M. (2013). Timing does matter: Examining imagery's impact on the temporal origins of false beliefs. Acta Psychologica, 142(1), 30–37. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bays, R. B., Zabrucky, K. M., & Foley, M. A. (2015). Imagery induction processes differentially impact imagination inflation. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 35(1), 5–25.
   Google Scholar
• Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2005). The science of false memory. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195154054.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan, L., Brown, N. R., Cabeza, R., & Maitson, C. (1999). False memories and semantic lexicon arrangement. Brain and Language, 68(1–2), 172–177. doi: 10.1006/brln.1999.2072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82(6), 407–428. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.82.6.407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craik, F. I., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 11(6), 671–684. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5371(72)80001-X
   Google Scholar
• Deese, J. (1959). On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58(1), 17–22. doi: 10.1037/h0046671
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dodson, C. S., & Schacter, D. L. (2002). When false recognition meets metacognition: The distinctiveness heuristic. Journal of Memory and Language, 46(4), 782–803. doi: 10.1006/jmla.2001.2822
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foley, M. A. (2012). Imagery encoding and false recognition errors: Exploring boundary conditions of imagery's enhancing effects. Memory, 20(6), 700–716. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2012.697172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foley, M. A., Cowan, E., Schlemmer, E., & Belser-Ehrlich, J. (2012). Acts of generating and their sources: Predicting the effects of imagery encoding on false recognition errors. Memory, 20(4), 384–399. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2012.667813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foley, M. A., & Foy, J. (2008). Pictorial encoding effects and memory confusions in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott Paradigm: Evidence for the activation of spontaneous imagery. Memory, 16, 712–727. doi: 10.1080/09658210802220054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foley, M. A., Hughes, K., Librot, H., & Paysnick, A. (2009). Imagery encoding effects on memory in the DRM paradigm: A test of competing predictions. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23, 828–848. doi: 10.1002/acp.1516
   Google Scholar
• Foley, M. A., Wozniak, K. H., & Gillum, A. (2006). Imagination and false memory inductions: Investigating the role of process, content and source of imaginations. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20(9), 1119. doi: 10.1002/acp.1265
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo, D. A. (2010). False memories and fantastic beliefs: 15 years of the DRM illusion. Memory & Cognition, 38(7), 833–848. doi: 10.3758/MC.387.833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garry, M., Manning, C. G., Loftus, E. F., & Sherman, S. J. (1996). Imagination inflation: Imagining a childhood event inflates confidence that it occurred. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3(2), 208–214. doi: 10.3758/BF03212420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilhooly, K. J. & Logie, R. H. (1980). Age-of-acquisition, imagery, concreteness, familiarity, and ambiguity measures for 1,944 words. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 12(4), 395–427.
   Google Scholar
• Glanzer, M., & Adams, J. K. (1990). The mirror effect in recognition memory: Data and theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 5–16. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.16.1.5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goff, L. M., & Roediger, H. I. (1998). Imagination inflation for action events: Repeated imaginings lead to illusory recollections. Memory & Cognition, 26(1), 20–33. doi: 10.3758/BF03211367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hege, A. G., & Dodson, C. S. (2004). Why distinctive information reduces false memories: Evidence for both impoverished relational-encoding and distinctiveness heuristic accounts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30(4), 787–795. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.30.4.787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huff, M. J., & Bodner, G. E. (2013). When does memory monitoring succeed versus fail? Comparing item-specific and relational encoding in the DRM paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39, 1246–1256. doi: 10.1037/a0031338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israel, L., & Schacter, D. (1997). Pictorial encoding reduces false recognition of semantic associates. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 4, 577–581.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampinen, J. M., Neuschatz, J. S., & Payne, D. G. (1999). Source attributions and false memories: A test of the demand characteristics account. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6(1), 130–135. doi: 10.3758/BF03210820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampinen, J. M. & Schwartz, R. M. (2000). The impersistence of false memory persistence. Memory, 8(6), 393–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loftus, E. F., & Pickrell, J. E. (1995). The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals, 25(12), 720–725. doi: 10.3928/0048-5713-19951201-07
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luce, P. A., & Pisoni, D. B. (1998). Recognizing spoken words: The neighborhood activation model. Ear and Hearing, 19, 1–36. doi: 10.1097/00003446-199802000-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmurek, H. C., & Hamilton, M. E. (2000). Imagery effects in false recall and false recognition. Journal of Mental Imagery, 24(1–2), 83–96.
   Google Scholar
• McDermott, K. B., & Watson, J. M. (2001). The rise and fall of false recall: The impact of presentation duration. Journal of Memory and Language, 45(1), 160–176. doi: 10.1006/jmla.2000.2771
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEvoy, C. L., Nelson, D. L., & Komatsu, T. (1999). What is the connection between true and false memories? The differential roles of interitem associations in recall and recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25(5), 1177–1194. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.25.5.1177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKelvie, S. J. (2003). False recall with the DRMRS (“Drummers”) procedure: A quantitative summary and review. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 97, 1011–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newstead, B. A., & Newstead, S. E. (1998). False recall and false memory: The effects of instructions on memory errors. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12(1), 67–79. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(199802)12:1<67::AID-ACP492>3.0.CO;2-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olszewska, J., & Ulatowska, J. (2013). Encoding strategy affects false recall and recognition: Evidence from categorical study material. Advanced Cognitive Psychology, 9(1), 44–52. doi: 10.2478/v10053-008-0130-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robin, F. (2010). Imagination and false memories. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 30, 407–423. doi: 10.2190/IC.30.4.e
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roediger, H. L., Balota, D. A., & Watson, J. M. (2001). Spreading activation and arousal of false memories. In H. L. Roediger, J. S. Nairne, I. Neath, & A. M. Surprenant (Eds.), The nature of remembering: Essays in honor of Robert G. Crowder (pp. 95–115). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/10394-006
   Google Scholar
• Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal Of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21(4), 803–814. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.21.4.803
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roediger, H. L., Watson, J. M., McDermott, K. B., & Gallo, D. A. (2001). Factors that determine false recall: A multiple regression analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8(3), 385–407. doi: 10.3758/BF03196177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schacter, D. L., Israel, L., & Racine, C. (1999). Suppressing false recognition in younger and older adults: The distinctiveness heuristic. Journal of Memory and Language, 40, 1–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommers, M., & Lewis, B. (1999). Who really lives next door: Creating false memories with phonological neighbors. Journal of Memory & Language, 40(1), 83–108. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1998.2614
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swannell, E. R., & Dewhurst, S. A. (2012). Phonological false memories in children and adults: Evidence for a developmental reversal. Journal of Memory and Language, 66(2), 376–383. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2011.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, A. K., & Loftus, E. F. (2002). Creating bizarre false memories through imagination. Memory & Cognition, 30(3), 423–431. doi: 10.3758/BF03194942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, W. P., Stewart, M. T., & Malone, C. P. (1995). Recognition memory errors produced by implicit activation of word candidates during the processing of spoken words. Journal of Memory and Language, 34(4), 417–439. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1995.1019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, J. M., Balota, D. A., & Roediger, H. I. (2003). Creating false memories with hybrid lists of semantic and phonological associates: Over-additive false memories produced by converging associative networks. Journal of Memory and Language, 49(1), 95–118. doi: 10.1016/S0749-596X(03)00019-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westbury, C., Buchanan, L., & Brown, N. R. (2002). Sounds of the neighborhood: False memories and the structure of the phonological lexicon. Journal of Memory And Language, 46(3), 622–651. doi: 10.1006/jmla.2001.282
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar