Philanthropic Mirroring: Exploring Identity-Based Fundraising in Higher Education

References

• Alam, N. (2010). Islamic venture philanthropy: A tool for sustainable community development (SSRN Working Paper Series). Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network.
   Google Scholar
• Andreoni, J., & Petrie, R. (2004). Public goods experiments without confidentiality: A glimpse into fund-raising. Journal of Public Economics, 88, 1605–1623.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum, S., Ma, J., & Payea, K. (2013). Education pays, 2013: The benefits of higher education for individuals and society (Trends in Higher Education Series). Princeton, NJ: College Board.
   Google Scholar
• Berinsky, A. J., Huber, G. A., & Lenz, G. S. (2012). Evaluating online labor markets for experimental research: Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk. Political Analysis, 20, 351–368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackbaud. (2015). 2015 donorCentrics annual report on higher education alumni giving. Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Bogardus, E. S. (1925). Social distance and its origins. Journal of Applied Sociology, 9, 216–226.
   Google Scholar
• Bogardus, E. S. (1941). Sociology. New York, NY: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Broderick, A., Jogi, A., & Garry, T. (2003). Tickled pink: The personal meaning of cause related marketing for customers. Journal of Marketing Management, 19, 583–610.
   Google Scholar
• Burnett, K. (2002). Relationship fundraising: A donor-based approach to the business of raising money. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Cabrales, J. A. (2013). An approach to engaging Latina/o alumni giving initiatives: Madrinas y padrinos. In N. D. Drezner (Ed.), Expanding the donor base in higher education: Engaging non-traditional donors (pp. 26–39). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cabrera, A. F., & La Nasa, S. M. (2000). Understanding the college choice of disadvantaged students. New Directions for Institutional Research, 107, 5–22.
   Google Scholar
• Christov-Moore, L., Simpson, E. A., Coudé, G., Grigaityte, K., Iacoboni, M., & Ferrari, P. F. (2014). Empathy: Gender effects in brain and behavior. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 46, 604–627. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, K. (2008). Marginalized populations. In L. M. Given (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of qualitative research methods (p. 496). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781412963909.n252
   Google Scholar
• Croll, P. R. (2007). Modeling determinants of White racial identity: Results from a new national survey. Social Forces, 86, 613–642.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham, B. M., & Cochi-Ficano, C. K. (2002). The determinants of donative revenue flows from alumni of higher education: An empirical inquiry. Journal of Human Resources, 37(3) 540–569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickert, S., Sagara, N., & Slovic, P. (2011). Affective motivations to help others: A two‐stage model of donation decisions. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 24, 361–376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domina, T. (2014). Does merit aid program design matter? A cross-cohort analysis. Research in Higher Education, 55, 1–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle, W. R. (2006). Adoption of merit-based student grant programs: An event history analysis. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 28, 259–285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drezner, N. D. (2005). Advancing Gallaudet: Alumni support for the nation’s university for the deaf and hard-of-hearing and its similarities to Black colleges and universities. International Journal of Educational Advancement, 5, 301–316.
   Google Scholar
• Drezner, N. D. (2010). Adding science to the art of fundraising: The power of using data in fundraising strategy. Arlington, VA: Association of Fundraising Professionals Resource Center. Retrieved from http://www.afpnet.org/ResourceCenter/ArticleDetail.cfm?ItemNumber=4572
   Google Scholar
• Drezner, N. D. (2011). Philanthropy and fundraising in American higher education (Vol. 37, No. 2). San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Drezner, N. D. (Ed.). (2013). Expanding the donor base in higher education: Engaging non-traditional donors. New York, NY: Rutledge.
   Google Scholar
• Drezner, N. D., & Garvey, J. C. (2016). LGBTQ alumni philanthropy: Exploring (un)conscious motivations for giving related to identity and experiences. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 45(Suppl. 1), 52S–71S.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drezner, N. D., & Huehls, F. (2014). Fundraising and institutional advancement: Theory, practice, and new paradigms. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., Eggum, N. D., & Di Giunta, L. (2010). Empathy-related responding: Associations with prosocial behavior, aggression, and intergroup relations. Social Issues and Policy Review, 4, 143–180. doi:10.1111/j.1751-2409.2010.01020.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flippen, A. R., Hornstein, H. A., Siegal, W. E., & Weitzman, E. A. (1996). A comparison of similarity and interdependence as triggers for in-group formation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 882–893.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foss, R. D. (1983). Community norms and blood donation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13, 281–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frumkin, P. (2008). Strategic giving: The art and science of philanthropy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gaertner, S. L., Rust, M. C., Dovidio, J. F., Bachman, B. A., & Anastasio, P. A. (1994). The contact hypothesis: The role of a common ingroup identity on reducing intergroup bias. Small Group Research, 25, 224–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garvey, J. C., & Drezner, N. D. (2013). Advancement staff and alumni advocates: Cultivating LGBTQ alumni by promoting individual and community uplift. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 6, 199–218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasman, M., & Anderson-Thompkins, S. (2003). Fund raising from Black college alumni: Successful strategies for supporting alma mater. Washington, DC: Council for the Advancement and Support of Education (CASE).
   Google Scholar
• Gasman, M., Drezner, N. D., Epstein, E., Freeman, T., & Avery, V. L. (2011). Race, gender, and leadership in nonprofit organizations. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg, R. B. (1971, December 15). Letter to Columbia Law School Fund Office. New York, NY: Ginsburg File, Columbia Law School Alumni & Development Office, Columbia University.
   Google Scholar
• Glasford, D. E., & Calcagno, J. (2012). The conflict of harmony: Intergroup contact, commonality and political solidarity between minority groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 323–328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guy, B. S., & Patton, W. E. (1989). The marketing of altruistic causes: Understanding why people help. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 6(1), 19–30.
   Google Scholar
• Hitlin, P. (2016). Research in the crowdsourcing age, a case study. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/07/11/research-in-the-crowdsourcing-age-a-case-study
   Google Scholar
• Hurtado, S., Milem, J., Clayton-Pedersen, A., & Allen, W. (1999). Enacting diverse learning environments: Improving the climate for racial/ethnic diversity in higher education. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report, 26(8).
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, J. W. (2002). The relationship between group identity and intergroup prejudice is moderated by sociocultural variation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 908–933.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenni, K., & Loewenstein, G. (1997). Explaining the identifiable victim effect. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 14, 235–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonker, J. J., Piersma, N., & Van den Poel, D. (2004). Joint optimization of customer segmentation and marketing policy to maximize long-term profitability. Expert Systems with Applications, 27, 159–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karakayali, N. (2009). Social distance and affective orientations. Sociological Forum, 24, 538–562.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kezar, A., Chambers, A. C., & Burkhardt, J. C. (Eds.). (2015). Higher education for the public good: Emerging voices from a national movement. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Kezar, A., & Moriarty, D. (2000). Expanding our understanding of student leadership development: A study exploring gender and ethnic identity. Journal of College Student Development, 41, 55–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kogut, T., & Ritov, I. (2011). The identifiable victim effect: Causes and boundary conditions. In D. M. Oppenheimer & C. Y. Olivola (Eds.), The science of giving: Experimental approaches to the study of charity (pp. 133–147). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S., Winterich, K. P., & Ross, W. T. (2014, October). I’m moral, but I won’t help you: The distinct roles of empathy and justice in donations. Journal of Consumer Research, 41, 678–696. doi:10.1086/677226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Z., & Sargeant, A. (2011). Dealing with social desirability bias: An application to charitable giving. European Journal of Marketing, 45, 703–719.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonardelli, G. J., & Brewer, M. B. (2001). Minority and majority discrimination: When and why. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 468–485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levay, K. E., Freese, J., & Druckman, J. N. (2016). The demographic and political composition of Mechanical Turk samples. SAGE Open, 6(1), 1–17. 2158244016636433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindahl, W. E. (2011). The fundraising process. In J. Steven Ott and Lisa A. Dickes (Eds). Understanding nonprofit organizations: Governance, leadership, and management (2nd Edition). New York, NY: Avalon Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Long, S. J. (1997). Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. In Advanced quantitative techniques in the social sciences (Vol. 7). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Louie, T. A., & Obermiller, C. (2000). Gender stereotypes and social‐desirability effects on charity donation. Psychology & Marketing, 17, 121–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marginson, S. (2011). Higher education and public good. Higher Education Quarterly, 65, 411–433.
   Google Scholar
• Margolis, M. F., & Sances, M. W. (2015). Partisan differences in charitable giving: Evidence from individual-level survey data (Working paper). Retrieved from http://www.michelemargolis.com/uploads/2/0/2/0/20207607/giving.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Marr, K. A., Mullin, C. H., & Siegfried, J. J. (2005). Undergraduate financial aid and subsequent alumni giving behavior. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 45, 123–143.
   Google Scholar
• McDearmon, J. T., & Shirley, K. (2009). Characteristics and institutional factors related to young alumni donors and non-donors. International Journal of Educational Advancement, 9, 83–95.
   Google Scholar
• McDermott, M., & Samson, F. L. (2005). White racial and ethnic identity in the United States. Annual Review of Sociology, 31, 245–261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, A. D., & Mueller, C. M. (Eds.). (1992). Frontiers in social movement theory. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mummendey, A., Klink, A., Mielke, R., Wenzel, M., & Blanz, M. (1999). Sociostructural characteristics of intergroup relations and identity management strategies: Results from a field study in East Germany. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 259–285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyserman, D., & Destin, M. (2010). Identity-based motivation: Implications for intervention. The Counseling Psychologist, 38, 1001–1043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyserman, D., & Markus, H. R. (1998). Self as social representation. In U. Flick (Ed.), The psychology of the social (pp. 107–125). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Patton, L. D., Renn, K. A., Guido, F. M., Quaye, S. J., Evans, N. J., & Forney, D. S. (2016). Student development in college: Theory, research, and practice. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Penner, L. A., Dovidio, J. F., Piliavin, J. A., & Schroeder, D. A. (2005). Prosocial behavior: Multilevel perspectives. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 365–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perna, L. W. (2000). Racial and ethnic group differences in college enrollment decisions. New Directions for Institutional Research, 2000(107), 65–83.
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. (2015). Multiracial in America: Proud, diverse and growing in numbers. Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Pusser, B. (2012). Reconsidering higher education and the public good. In W. G. Tierney (Ed.), Governance and the public good (pp. 11–28). New York, NY: SUNY Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rendón, L. I., Jalomo, R. E., & Nora, A. (2000). Theoretical considerations in the study of minority student retention in higher education. Reworking the Student Departure Puzzle, 1, 127–156.
   Google Scholar
• Rooney, P. M., Mesch, D. J., Chin, W., & Steinberg, K. S. (2005). The effects of race, gender, and survey methodologies on giving in the US. Economics Letters, 86, 173–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks, M. A., & Lindholm, M. (2002). A room without a view: Social distance and the structuring of privileged identity. In C. Levine-Rasky (Ed.), Working through Whiteness: International perspectives (pp. 129–152). New York, NY: SUNY Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schelling, T. C. (1968). The life you save may be your own. In S. Chase (Ed.), Problems in public expenditure analysis (pp. 127–167). Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Schervish, P. G., & Havens, J. J. (1997). Social participation and charitable giving: A multivariate analysis. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 8, 235–260.
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder, F. W. (2002). The annual giving program. In M. J. Worth (Ed.), New strategies for educational fund raising (pp. 75–88). Westport, CT: American Council on Education/Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Small, D. A. (2011). Sympathy biases and sympathetic appeals: Reducing social distance to boost charitable contributions. In D. M. Oppenheimer & C. Y. Olivola (Eds.), The science of giving: Experimental approaches to the study of charity (pp. 113–132). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, B., Shue, S., Vest, J. L., & Villarreal, J. (1999). Philanthropy in communities of color. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spears, L. D. (2008). Fundraising strategies in higher education: Black, White—is there any gray in between? ( Ed.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/304504834
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg, R., & Wilhelm, M. (2003). Tracking giving across generations. New Directions for Philanthropic Fundraising, 2003(42), 71–82.
   Google Scholar
• Stipp, H., & Schiavone, N. P. (1996). Modeling the impact of Olympic sponsorship on corporate image. Journal of Advertising Research, 36(4), 22–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (2nd ed., pp. 7–24). Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Tinto, V. (2006). Research and practice of student retention: What next? Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 8, 1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Tobin, G. (2001). The transition of communal values and behaviors in Jewish philanthropy. San Francisco, CA: Institute for Jewish & Community Research.
   Google Scholar
• Tsunoda, K. (2013). Chinese American philanthropy: Cultural contexts behind major gifts in higher education. In N. D. Drezner (Ed.), Expanding the donor base in higher education: Engaging non-traditional donors (pp. 40–58). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Weerts, D. J., & Cabrera, A. F. (2017). Segmenting university alumni using a person‐centered methodology. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 22(3), e1577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weerts, D. J., Cabrera, A. F., & Sanford, T. (2010). Beyond giving: Political advocacy and volunteer behaviors of public university alumni. Research in Higher Education, 51, 346–365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, V. (2016). On the ethics of crowdsourced research. Political Science and Politics, 49, 77–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winterich, K. P., Zhang, Y., & Mittal, V. (2012). How political identity and charity positioning increase donations: Insights from moral foundations theory. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 29, 346–354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woocher, J. (1986). Sacred survival: The civil religion of American Jews. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Young, I. M. (1990). Justice and the politics of difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar