The Role of Self-Construal as an Intervening Variable between Culture and Leisure Constraints: A Comparison of Canadian and Mainland Chinese University Students

References

• Aron, A., & Aron, E. (1999). Statistics for Psychology (2nd ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1, 185–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, B. (2005). Chinese collectivists twenty years later: A second look at the individualism and collectivism construct. Association for University Regional Campuses of Ohio Journal, 11, Spring. Retrieved September 14, 2006 from http://www.southern.ohiou.edu/aurco/volume11/5A_Chinese%20Collectivists.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Heritage. (2005). Pursuit of an ideal: Peace, order and good government. Retrieved July 7, 2005 from http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/special/gouv-gov/section1/infobox1_e.cfm
   Google Scholar
• Chick, G. (2006). Leisure and cultural identity. In Edgar L. Jackson (Ed.), Leisure and the quality of life: Impacts on social, economic, and cultural development: Hangzhou Consensus (pp. 164–178). Zhejiang, China: Zhejiang University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chick, G., & Dong, E. (2005). Cultural constraints on leisure. In E. L. Jackson (Ed.), Constraints to leisure (pp. 169–183). State College, PA: Venture.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, D., Jackson, E. L., & Godbey, G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 13, 309–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodenough, W. H. (1996). Culture. In D. Levinson & M. Ember (Eds.), Encyclopedia of cultural anthropology (Vol 1: pp. 291–299). New York: Henry Hold and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J., & Black, W. (2000). Cluster analysis. In L. Grimm & P. Yarnold (Eds.), Reading and understanding more multivariate statistics (pp. 147–205). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Hutchison, R. (2000). Race and ethnicity in leisure studies. In W. C. Gartner & D. W. Lime (Eds.), Trends in outdoor recreation, leisure and tourism (pp. 63–71). New York: CABI.
   Google Scholar
• Iyengar, S. S., & Lepper, M. R. (1999). Rethinking the value of choice: A cultural perspective on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 349–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, E. L. (2005). Constraints to leisure. State College, PA: Venture.
   Google Scholar
• Li, C-L., Chick, G., Zinn, H., Absher, J., & Graefe, A. (2007). Ethnicity as a variable in leisure research. Journal of Leisure Research, 39, 514–545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markus, H. & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milligan, G., & Cooper, M. (1985). An examination of procedures for determining the number of clusters in a data set. Psychometrika, 50, 159–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, L., Badger, S., & Wu, B. (2004). The influence of culture in emerging adulthood: Perspectives of Chinese college students. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 26–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, M., & Shavitt, S. (2002). Horizontal and vertical individualism and achievement values: A multimethod examination of Denmark and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33, 439–458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally, J. C. (1967). Psychometric theory (1st ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Raymore, L., Godbey, G., Crawford, D., & von Eye, A. (1993). Nature and process of leisure constraints: An empirical test. Leisure Sciences, 15, 99–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Research Report Group of Chinese Education and Human Resources. (2003). From a big country of population to a big country of human resources. Beijing: Advanced Education Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, S. M., & Henderson, K. (2005). Gender analysis and leisure constraints: An uneasy alliance. In E. L. Jackson (Ed.), Constraints to leisure (pp. 23–34). State College, PA: Venture.
   Google Scholar
• Soh, S., & Leong, F. (2002). Validity of vertical and horizontal individualism and collectivism in Singapore: Relationships with values and interests. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33, 3–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stodolska, M., & Yi-Kook, J. (2005). Ethnicity, immigration, and constraints. In E. L. Jackson (Ed.), Constraints to leisure (pp. 53–73). State College, PA: Venture.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, D. (2005). “I am Canadian.” Canadian Social Trends, Spring, 2–7.
   Google Scholar
• Triandis, H. (1995). Individualism & collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Triandis, H., Chan, D., Bhawuk, P., Iwao, S., & Sinha, J. (1995). Multimethod probes of allocentrism and idiocentrism. International Journal of Psychology, 30, 461–480.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triandis, H., & Gelfand, M. (1998). Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 118–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentine, K., Allison, M. T., & Schneider, I. (1999). The one-way mirror of leisure research: A need for cross-national social scientific perspectives. Leisure Sciences, 21, 241–246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Vijver, F., & Leung, K. (1997). Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Visser, P., Krosnick, J., & Lavrakas, P. (2000). Survey research. In H. Reis & C. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 223–252). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, G.J. (2007a). Multicultural perspectives. In R. McCarville & K. MacKay (Eds.), Leisure for Canadians (pp. 155–161). State College, PA: Venture.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, G. J. (2007b). Response to coping as an alternative conceptualization for constraint negotiation and accommodation. Leisure Sciences, 29, 415–418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, G. J., Deng, J., & Dieser, R. (2005). Culture, self-construal, and leisure theory and practice. Journal of Leisure Research, 37, 77–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, G. J., Jackson, E. L., & Deng, J. (2007). Culture and leisure constraints: A comparison of Canadian and Mainland Chinese university students. Journal of Leisure Research, 39, 567–590.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, G. J., & Virden, R. J. (2005). Constraints on outdoor recreation. In E. L. Jackson (Ed.), Constraints to leisure (pp. 201–219). State College, PA: Venture.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, G. J., & Wang, X. (2005). Further considerations on culture, self-construal, and leisure theory and practice. Book of abstracts: Eleventh Canadian Congress on Leisure Research 2005 May 18–20 [CD]. Nanaimo, BC: Canadian Association for Leisure Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, G. J., & Wang, X. (in press). A cross-cultural comparison of Canadian and Mainland Chinese university students' leisure motivations. Leisure Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Weinfurt, K. P. (1995). Multivariate analysis of variance. In L. Grimm & P. Yarnold (Eds.), Reading and understanding multivariate statistics (pp. 245–276). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar