Effects of Setting-Based Management on Visitor Experience Outcomes: Differences Across a Management Continuum

References

• Backlund, E. A., Stewart, W. P., & Schwartz, Z. (2008). Overnight backcountry hikers at Grand Canyon National Park. Report submitted to Grand Canyon National Park.
   Google Scholar
• Blau, P. M. (1977). Inequality and heterogeneity. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Borrie, W. T., & Roggenbuck, J. W., (2001). The dynamic, emergent, and multphasic nature of on-site wilderness experiences. Journal of Leisure Research, 33(2), 202–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchaan, T. J., Christensen, J. E., & Burdge, R. J. (1981). Social groups and the meanings of outdoor recreation activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 13, 254–266.
   Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, R., & Stankey, G. (1979). The recreation opportunity spectrum: A framework for planning, management, and research. USDA Forest Service Research Paper PNW- 98.
   Google Scholar
• Dickson, S., & Hall, T. E. (2006). An examination of whitewater boaters' expectations: Are pre-trip and post-trip measures consistent? Leisure Sciences, 28, 1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillman, D. (2007). Mail and Internet surveys: The tailored design method (2nd ed). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Driver, B. L. (1983). *Master list of items for Recreation Experience Preference scales and domains*. Unpublished document. USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.
   Google Scholar
• Driver, B. L., & Brown, P. J. (1975). A sociopsychological definition of recreation demand, with implications for recreation resource planning. In Assessing demand for outdoor recreation. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Driver, B. L., & Brown, P. J. (1978). The recreation opportunity spectrum concept and behavior information in outdoor recreation resource supply inventories: a rationale. In Integrated inventories renewable natural resources: Proceedings of the workshop. General Technical Report RM-55. USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, pp. 24–31.
   Google Scholar
• Driver, B. L., Brown, P. J., Stankey, G. H., & Gregoire, T. G. (1987). The ROS planning system: Evolution, basic concepts and research methods needed. Leisure Sciences, 9, 201–212.
   Google Scholar
• Driver, B. L., & Knopf, R. C. (1976). Temporary escape: One product of sport fisheries management. Fisheries, 1, 2–29.
   Google Scholar
• Floyd, M. F. & Gramman, J. H. (1997). Experience-based settings management: Implications for market segmentation of hunters. Leisure Sciences, 19, 113–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franchina, R. K., & Meier, N. (2007). How setting and scenery affect visitor experience: A manager's perspective. In L. E. Kruger, M. Rhonda, & K. Lawrence, (Eds.), Proceedings: national workshop on recreation research and management. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-698. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. pp. 17–27.
   Google Scholar
• Grand Canyon National Park (1988). Backcountry management plan.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, D. A., & Klein, K. J. (2007). What's the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 32, 1199–1228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heywood, J. (1987). Experience preferences of participants in different types of river recreation groups. Journal of Leisure Research, 19, 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hull, R. B., Michael, S. E., Walker, G., & Roggenbuck, J. W. (1994). Ebb and flow of brief leisure experiences. Leisure Sciences, 17, 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hull, R. B., Stewart, W. P., & Yi, Y. K. (1992). Experience patterns: Capturing the dynamic nature of recreation experience. Journal of Leisure Research, 24, 240–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knopf, R. C., Peterson, G. L., Leatherberry, E. C. (1983). Motives for recreational river floatin: Relative consistency across settings. Leisure Sciences, 5(3), 231255.
   Google Scholar
• Lawler, E. E. (1973). Motivations in work organizations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Y., Datillo, J., & Howard, D. (1994). The complex and dynamic nature of leisure experience. Journal of Leisure Research, 26, 195–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manfredo, M. E., Driver, B. L., & Manfredo, M. E., Driver, B. L., & Brown, P. J. (1983). A test of concepts inherent in experience-based setting management for outdoor recreation areas. Journal of Leisure Research, 263–286.
   Google Scholar
• Manfredo, M. E., Driver, B. L., & Tarrant, M. A. (1996). Measuring leisure motivation: A meta-analysis of the recreation experience preference scales. Journal of Leisure Research, 28(3), 188–213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCool, S.F. & Cole, D.N. (2001). *Thinking and acting regionally: Toward better decisions about appropriate conditions, standards, and restrictions on recreation use*. George Wright Forum, 18(3) 85–98.
   Google Scholar
• McIntyre, N. & Roggenbuck, J.W. (1998). Nature/person transactions during an outdoor adventure experience: a multiphasic analysis. Journal of Leisure Research, 30, 401–422.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin, W. J., & Paradice, W. E. J. (1980). Using visitor preference information to guide dispersed winter recreation management for cross-country skiing and snowmobiling. In Proceedings of the North American symposium on dispersed winter recreation (pp. 64–72). St. Paul, MN. Educational Series 2–3. Agricultural Extension Service, University of Minnesota.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, R. L., & Driver B. L. (2005). Introduction to outdoor recreation: Providing and managingnatural resource based opportunities. State College, PA: Venture.
   Google Scholar
• Pierskalla, C. D., Lee, M. E., Stein, T. V., Anderson, D. H., & Nickerson, R. (2004). Understanding relationships among recreation opportunities: A meta-analysis of nine studies. Leisure Sciences, 26(2), 163–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saegert, S., & Winkel, G.H. (1990). Environmental Psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 441–477.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, E. H. (1949). Measurement of diversity. Nature, 163, 688.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafer, E. I. (1969). The average camper who doesn't exist. USDA Forest Service Research Paper NE-142.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, W. P. (1992). The influence of on-site experience on recreation experience preference judgment. Journal of Leisure Research, 24(2), 185–198.
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Underhill, A. H., Stewart, W. P., Manning, R. E., & Carpenter, E. H. (1986). A sociological study of backcountry users at Grand Canyon National Park. Tucson: Cooperative Park Studies Unit, University of Arizona.
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. (1982). ROS: Users Guide.
   Google Scholar
• Virden, R. & Knopf, R. (1989). Activities, experiences, and environmental settings: a case study of recreation opportunity spectrum relationships. Leisure Sciences, 11, 159–176.
   Google Scholar
• Vogelsong, H.,Graefe, A.R., Confer, J., Solan, D. & Kramp, J. (1997). Relationships between motivations, activities, and settings: The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum within the Delaware State Park system. In H.G. Vogelsong, Proceedings of the 1997 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE 241. Bolton Landing NY: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. pp. 124–130.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, D. R. (2007). *Recreation settings, scenery, and visitor experiences: A research assessment*. In, L. E. Kruger, M. Rhonda, & K. Lawrence, (Eds.), Proceedings: national workshop on recreation research and management. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-698. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. pp. 29–41.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, D. R., Ellis, G. D., Nickerson, N. P., & Shafer, C. S. (1988). Contributions of time, format, and subject to variation in recreation experience preference measurement. Journal of Leisure Research, 20(1), 36–54.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, D. R., & Knopf, R. C. (1985). In search of the primitive urban continuum: The dimensional structure of outdoor recreation settings. Environment & Behavior, 17(3), 351–370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolllmuth, D. C., Schomaker, J. H., Merriam, L. C. (1985). River recreation experience opportunities in two recreation opportunity spectrum classes. Water Resource Bulletin, 21(5), 851–857.
   Google Scholar
• Yuan, M., & McEwen, D. (1989). Test for campers' experience preference differences among three ROS relationships. Leisure Sciences, 11, 177–185.
   Google Scholar
• Yuan, M., & Fredman, P. (2010). The relationship between recreation experience preferences and revealed activity choice in the North Shore Lake Superior Region. Tourism in Marine Environments, 6(2/3), 133–138. doi: 10.3727/154427310X12682653195122
   Google Scholar