Comparing the Effect of Micro- and Nano-Scale Silica on the Rheological, Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Flame Resistance of Nylon 6,6

References

• Domininghaus, H. Plastics for Engineers, Munich: Hanser Publishers 1993, 363.
   Google Scholar
• Giannelis, E.P. Polymer layered silicate nanocomposites. Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray, S.S.; Okamoto, M. Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites: a review from preparation to processing. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2003, 28, 1539.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baller, J.; Becker, N.; Ziehmer, M.; Thomassey, M.; Zielinski, B.; Müller, U.; Sanctuary, R. Interactions between silica nanoparticles and an epoxy resin before and during network formation. Polymer. 2009, 50, 3211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sengupta, R.; Sabharwal, S.; Bhowmick, A.K.; Chaki, T.K. Thermogravimetric studies on Polyamide-6,6 modified by electron beam irradiation and by nanofillers. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2006, 91, 1311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassagnau, Ph. Melt rheology of organoclay and fumed silica nanocomposites. Polymer. 2008, 49, 2183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada, A.; Kawasumi, M.; Kurauchi, T. Synthesis and properties of Nylon-6/clay hybrids. Polym. Prep. 1987, 28, 447.
   Google Scholar
• Giannelis, E.P. Polymer layered silicate nanocomposites. Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannelis, E.P. Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: Synthesis, properties and applications. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 1998, 12, 675.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannelis, E.P.; Krishnamoorti, R.; Manias, E. Polymer-silicate nanocomposites: Model systems for confined polymers and polymer brushes. Polym. Confined. Environ. 1999, 138, 107.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y.; Huang, H-X. Dynamic rheology and microstructure of polypropylene/clay nanocomposites prepared under Sc-CO2 by melt compounding. Polym. Test. 2008, 27, 129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, K.; Liang, S.; Qu, Ch.; Tan, H.; Du, R.; Zhang, Q.; Fu, Q. Correlation of rheology-orientation-tensile property in isotactic polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposites. Acta. Mater. 2007, 55, 3143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musking, N.; Nithitanakul, M.; Grady, B.P.; Magaraphan, R. Melt rheology and extrudate swell of organobentonite-filled polypropylene nanocomposites. Polym. Test. 2008, 27, 470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldousiri, B.; Dhakal, H.N.; Onuh, S.; Zhang, Z.Y.; Bennett, N.; Richardson, M. Effect of layered silicate reinforcement on the structure and mechanical properties of spent polyamide-12 nanocomposites. Composites. B 2012, 43, 1363.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, D.; Yang, H.; He, P.; Zhang, W. Rheological and extrusion behavior of intercalated high-impact polystyrene/organomontmorillonite nanocomposites. Compos. Sci. Tech. 2005, 65, 1593.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, T.; Chen, F.; Dong, X.; Zhou, Y.; Wang, D.; Han, C.C. Shear-induced orientation in the crystallization of an isotactic polypropylene nanocomposite. Polymer 2009, 50, 2465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentino, O.; Sarno, M.; Rainone, N.G.; Nobile, M.R.; Ciambelli, P.; Neitzert, H.C.; Simon, G.P. Influence of the polymer structure and nanotube concentration on the conductivity and rheological properties of polyethylene/CNT composites. Physica E. 2008, 40, 2440.
   Google Scholar
• Ferec, J.; Heuzey, M.C.; Ausias, G.; Carreau, P.J. Rheological behaviour of fiber-filled polymers under large amplitude oscillatory shear flow. J. Non-Newton. Fluid. Mech. 2008, 151, 89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermant, J.; Ceccia, S.; Dolgovskij, M.K.; Maffettone, P.L.; Macosko, C.W. Quantifying dispersion of layered nanocomposites via melt rheology. J. Rheol. 2007, 51, 429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohagheghian, M.; Ebadi-Dehaghani, H.; Ashouri, D.; Mousavian, S.A Study on the effect of nano-ZnO on rheological and dynamic mechanical properties of polypropylene: Experiments and models. Composites. B 2011, 42, 2038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karamipour, S.; Ebadi-Dehaghani, H.; Ashouri, D.'; Mousavian, S. Effect of nano-CaCO3 on rheological and dynamic mechanical properties of polypropylene: experiments and models. Polym. Test. 2010, 30, 110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadeghipour, H.; Ebadi-Dehaghani, H.; Ashouri, D.; Mousavian, S.; Hashemi-Fesharaki, M.; Shahbazi Gahrouei, M. Effects of modified and non-modified clay on the rheological behaviour of high density polyethylene. Composites. B 2013, 52, 164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedayati, A.; Arefazar, A. Multi-scale analysis of polypropylene based organoclay containing composites, Part 1: Morphology. Polym. Test. 2009, 28, 128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drozdov, A.D.; Jensen, E.A.; Christiansen, J.C. Nonlinear time-dependent response of polypropylene/ nanoclay melts: Experiments and modeling. Comput. Mat. Sci. 2010, 47, 807.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nam, J.G.; Hyun, K.; Ahn, K.H.; Lee, S.J. Prediction of normal stresses under large amplitude oscillatory shear flow. J. Non-Newton. Fluid. Mech. 2008, 150, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, K.; Liang, S.; Deng, J.; Yang, H.; Zhang, Q.; Fu, Q.; Dong, X.; Wang, D.; Han, C.C. The role of clay network on macromolecular chain mobility and relaxation in isotactic polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposites. Polymer. 2006, 47, 7131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassagnau, Ph.; Mélis, F. Non-linear viscoelastic behavior and modulus recovery in silica filled polymers. Polymer 2003, 44, 6607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H.; Macosko, C.W. Morphology and properties of polyester/exfoliated graphite nanocomposites. Macromolecules. 2008, 41, 3317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huritic, J.; Médéric, P.; Moan, M.; Jarrin, J. Influence of composition and morphology on rheological properties of polyethylene/polyamide blends. Polymer 1998, 39, 4849.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, H.; Ait-Kadi, A.; Brisson, J. Dynamic rheological analysis of a miscible blend showing strong interactions. Polymer 2003, 44, 1481.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias, L.; Fenouillot, F.; Majeste, J.C.; Cassagnau, Ph. Morphology and rheology of immiscible polymer blends filled with silica nanoparticles. Polymer 2007, 48, 6029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H.B.; Choi, J.S.; Lee, C.H.; Lim, S.T.; Jhon, M.S.; Choi, H.J. Polymer blend/organoclay nanocomposites with poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(methyl methacrylate). Euro. Polym. J. 2005, 41, 679.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Causin, V.; Marega, C.; Marigo, A.; Ferrara, G.; Ferraro, A. Morphological and structural characterization of polypropylene/conductive graphite nanocomposites. Euro. Polym. J. 2006, 42, 3153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, L.E.; Landel, F.L. Mechanical Properties of Polymers and Composites, 2nd ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1994, 377.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Q.; Archer, L.A. Poly(ethylene oxide)/silica nanocomposites: Structure and rheology. Langmuir. 2002, 18, 10435.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du, M.; Zheng, Q.; Yang, H.M.; Gakkaishi, N.R. Dynamic rheological behavior for polymer composites filled with particles. J. Japan. Soci. Rheol. 2003, 31, 305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havet, G.; Isayev, A.I. A thermodynamic approach to the rheology of highly interactive filler-polymer mixtures. Part II. Comparison with polystyrene/nanosilica mixtures. Rheol. Acta. 2003, 42, 47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarvestani, A.S.; Picu, C.R. Network model for the viscoelastic behavior of polymer nanocomposites. Polymer. 2004, 45, 7779.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsikis, N.; Zahradnik, F.; Helmschrott, A.; Münstedt, H.; Vital, A. Thermal stability of poly(methyl methacrylate)/silica nano- and microcomposites as investigated by dynamic-mechanical experiments Polym. Deg. Stab. 2007, 92, 1966.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, C.X.; Liu, Y.; Wang, D.Y.; Wang, D.L.; Wang, Y.Z. Synergistic effect of ammonium polyphosphate and layered double hydroxide on flame retardant properties of poly(vinyl alcohol). Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2008, 93, 1323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levchik, S.V.; Weil, E.D. Featured article: combustion and fire retardancy of aliphatic nylons. Polym. Int. 2000, 49, 1033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, L.; Hu, Y.; He, Q.; You, F. Study of nylon 66–clay nanocomposites via condensation polymerization. Colloid. Polym. Sci. 2008, 286, 721.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Zh.X.; Zhang, J.; Lu, B-X.; Xin, Z.X.; Kang, C.K.; Kim, J.K. Effect of flame retardants on mechanical properties, flammability and foamability of PP/wood–fiber composites. Composites. B, 2012, 43, 150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, A.B.; Wilkie, C.A. Practical issues and future trends in polymer nanocomposites flammability research. In Flame Retardant Polymer Nanocomposites; Morgan, A.B., Wilkie, C.A, Eds.; John Wiley and Sons Inc.: New York, 2007, p. 236.
   Google Scholar
• Kashiwagi, T.; Harris Jr, R.H.; Zhang, X.; Briber, R.M.; Cipriano, B.H.; Raghavan, S.R.; Awad, W.H.; Shields, J.R. Flame retardant mechanism of polyamide 6–clay nanocomposites. Polymer. 2004, 45, 881.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar