The structural implications of measurement error in sociometryFootnote†

Presented at the August 1972 meetings of the American Sociological Association, New Orleans, Louisiana. We are indebted to Harrison C. White, for his helpful comments on an earlier version.

References

• Bock, R. D. (1966) Personal communication.
   Google Scholar
• Boyle , R. P. 1969 . Algebraic systems for normal and hierarchial sociograms . Sociometry , 32 : 99 – 119 .
   Google Scholar
• Bjerstedt , A. 1955 . Interpretations of Sociometric Choice Status , Lund, Copenhagen : CWK Gleerup, Eknar Munksgaard .
   Google Scholar
• Caldwell , E. 1959 . Creating Better School Climate in the Classroom Through Sociometric Techniques , San Francisco : Fearon .
   Google Scholar
• Caplow , T. and Finsterbusch , K. France and other countries: A study of interaction . Presented at the American Sociological Association meetings .
   Google Scholar
• Cartwright , D. and Harary , F. 1970 . Ambivalence and indifference in generalizations of structural balance . Behavioral Science , 15 : 497 – 513 .
   Google Scholar
• Cartwright , D. and Harary , F. 1956 . Structural balance: A generalization of Heider's theory . Psychological Review , 63 : 277 – 293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman , J. S. 1963 . Adolescent Society , Glencoe, Illinois : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Coleman , J. S. , Katz , E. and Menzel , H. 1966 . Medical Innovation: A diffusion study , New York : Bobbs‐Merrill .
   Google Scholar
• Crisswell , H. J. 1939 . A sociometric study of race cleavage b the classroom . Archives of Psychology ,
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham , R. 1961 . Understanding Group Behavior of Boys and Girls , New York : Teachers College .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , James A. 1967 . Clustering and structural balance in graphs . Human Relations , 20 : 181 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , James A. and Leinhardt , S. 1972 . “ The structure of positive interpersonal relations in small groups ” . In Sociological Theories in Progress , Edited by: Berger , J. volume 2 , Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Eng , E. and French , E. L. 1948 . The determination of sociometric status . Sociometry , 11 : 368 – 371 .
   Google Scholar
• Fanuce , D. and Beegle , J. A. 1945 . Cleavages in a relatively homogeneous group of rural youth . Sociometry , 8 : 207 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Festinger , L. 1949 . The analysis of sociograms using matrix algebra . Human Relations , 2 : 152 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French , J. R. P. 1956 . A formal theory of social power . Psychological Review , 63 : 181 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedell , M. 1967 . Organizations as semilattices . American Sociological Review , 32 : 46 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gronlund , N. W. 1959 . Sociometry in the Classroom , New York : Harper and Brothers .
   Google Scholar
• Grossman , B. and Wrighter , J. 1948 . The relationship between selection‐rejection and intelligence . Sociometry , 11 : 346 – 355 .
   Google Scholar
• Hallinan , M. 1972a . Comment on Holland and Leinhardt . American Journal of Sociology , 77 : 1201 – 1205 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallinan , M. 1972b . The Structure of Sentiment Relations , University of Chicago . Ph.D. Dissertation,
   Google Scholar
• Harary , F. , Norman , R. Z. and Cartwright , D. 1965 . Structural Models , New York : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Holland , Paul and Leinhardt , Samuel . 1972 . Some evidence on the transitivity of positive interpersonal sentiment . American Journal of Sociology , 77 : 1205 – 1209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland , Paul and Leinhardt , Samuel . 1971 . Transitivity in structural models of small groups . Comparative Group Studies , 2 : 107 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland , Paul and Leinhardt , Samuel . 1970 . A method for detecting structure in sociometric data . American Journal of Sociology , 76 : 492 – 513 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homans , G. C. 1950 . The Human Group , New York : Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Hubbell , C. H. 1965 . An input‐output approach to clique identification . Sociometry , 28 : 377 – 399 .
   Google Scholar
• Hunter , F. 1953 . Community Power Structure , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Katz , L. and Proctor , C. H. 1959 . The concept of configuration of interpersonal relations in a group as a time‐dependent stochastic process . Psychometrika , 24 : 317 – 327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landau , H. G. 1951a . On dominance relations and the structure of animal societies. I. Effect of inherent characteristics . Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics , 13 : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Landau , H. G. 1951b . On dominance relations and the structure of animal societies, II. Some effects of possible social factors . Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics , 13 : 245 – 262 .
   Google Scholar
• Landau , H. G. 1953 . On dominance relations and the structure of animal societies. III. The condition for a score structure . Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics , 15 : 143 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• Leinhardt , S. 1972 . Developmental change in the sentiment structure of children's groups . American Sociological Review , 37 : 202 – 212 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorber , N. M. 1969 . The reliability and validity of sociometric measures . American Sociologist , 4 : 243 – 244 .
   Google Scholar
• MacRae , D. Jr. 1960 . Direct factor analysis of sociometric data . Sociometry , 23 : 360 – 371 .
   Google Scholar
• Moreno , J. L. 1934 . Who Shall Survive? , Second edition , Washington, D.C. : Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Company . 1953, Beacon, New York.)
   Google Scholar
• Morton , A. S. 1959 . Similarity as a Determinant of Friendship: A Multidimensional Study , Princeton : Educational Testing Service .
   Google Scholar
• Mouton , J. S. , Blake , R. R. and Fruchter , B. 1955 . The reliability of sociometric measures . Sociometry , 18 : 7 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Murray , T. R. 1965 . Sociological Differences in the Classroom , New York : David McKay .
   Google Scholar
• Newcomb , T. M. 1961 . The Acquaintance Process , New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Northway , M. L. 1940 . A method for depicting social relationships obtained by sociometric testing . Sociometry , 3 : 144 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• Venable , T. C. 1954 . The relationship of selected factors to the social structure of a stable group . Sociometry , 17 : 355 – 357 .
   Google Scholar
• White , H. C. 1961 . Management conflict and sociometric structure . American Journal of Sociology , 67 : 185 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witryol , S. L. and Thompson , G. G. 1953 . An experimental comparison of the stability of social acceptability scores obtained with the partial rank‐order and paired comparison scales . Journal of Educational Psychology , 44 : 20 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Presented at the August 1972 meetings of the American Sociological Association, New Orleans, Louisiana. We are indebted to Harrison C. White, for his helpful comments on an earlier version.
   Google Scholar
• Research supported by National Science Foundation Grants GP‐8774 and GS‐2044X.
   Google Scholar
• Present address: NBER, Computer Research Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
   Google Scholar
• Research supported in part by a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Social Science Research Council.
   Google Scholar