A model of classical organizational structure: A look at administrative intensityFootnote*

I would like to thank Lowell Hargens, Aage Sprensen, and Nancy Tuma for their helpful suggestions. Editorial comments of Carolyn Mullins are gratefully acknowledged.

References

• Anderson , T.R. and Warkov , S. 1961 . Organizational size and functional complexity: a study of administration in hospitals . American Sociological Review , 26 : 23 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blau , Peter M. 1970 . A formal theory of differentiation in organizations . American Sociological Review , 35 : 201 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• _____ . 1973 . The Organization of Academic Work. , New York : Wiley‐Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Blau , Peter M. and Schoenherr , Richard A. 1971 . The Structure of Organizations , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Caplow , T. 1957 . Organization size . Administrative Science Quarterly , 1 : 484 – 505 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childers , Grant W. , Mayhew , Bruce H. and Gray , L.N. 1971 . System size and structural differentiation in military organizations: testing a baseline model of the division of labor . American Journal of Sociology , 76 : 813 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fayol , H. 1949 . General and Industrial Management. , London : Pitman . Translated from the French ed. (Durod) by Constance Stours
   Google Scholar
• Freeman , John and Kronenfeld , Jerrold . 1973 . Problems of definitional dependency: the case of administrative intensity . Social Forces , 52 : 108 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman , John and Hannan , Michael . 1975 . Growth and decline processes in organizations . American Sociological Review , 40 : 215 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuguitt , Glenn V. and Lieberson , Stanley . 1974 . “ Correlation of ratios of difference sources having common terms ” . In Sociological Methodology, 1973–1974. , Edited by: Costner , Herbert L. 128 – 44 . San Francisco : Jossey‐Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Ghiselli , E. E. 1969 . The efficacy of advancement on the basis of merit in relation to structural properties of the organization . Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , 4 : 402 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graicunas , V.A. 1933 . Relationship in organization . Bulletin of the International Management Institute , 7 : 39 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Gulick , L. and Urwick , I. 1937 . Papers on the Science of Administration. , New York : Columbia University, Institute of Public Administration .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , R.H. , Hass , J.E. and Johnson , N. 1976 . Organizational size, complexity, and formalization . American Sociological Review , 32 : 903 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawley , A.H. , Boland , W. and Boland , M. 1965 . Population size and administration in institutions of higher education . American Sociological Review , : 252 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendershot , Gerry E. and James , Thomas T. 1972 . Size and growth as determinants of administration production ratios in organizations . American Sociological Review , 37 : 149 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heydebrand , W. 1973 . Hospital Bureaucracy: A Comparative Study of Organizations. , New York : Dunellen .
   Google Scholar
• Hickson , D.J. , Pugh , D.S. and Pheysey , D.C. 1969 . Operations technology and organization structure: an empirical reappraisal . Administrative Science Quarterly , 14 : 378 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holdaway , Edward A. and Blowers , Thomas A. 1971 . Administration ratios and organization size: a longitudinal examination . American Sociological Review , 36 : 278 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hummon , Norman P. 1971 . A mathematical theory of differentiation in organization . American Sociological Review , 36 : 278 – 303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hummon , Norman P. , Doreian , Patrick and Teuter , Klaus . 1975 . A structural control model of organizational change . American Sociological Review , 40 : 813 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Indik , B.P. 1964 . The relationship between organization size and supervision ratio . Administrative Science Quarterly , 9 : 301 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasarda , J.D. 1974 . The structural implications of social system size: a three‐level analysis . American Sociological Review , 39 : 19 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Land , Kenneth . 1975 . “ Comparative statistics in sociology: including a mathematical theory of growth and differentiation in organizations ” . In Quantitative Sociology: International Perspectives on Mathematical and Statistical Modeling. , Edited by: Blalock , H.M. 475 – 510 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Long , Susan B. 1979 . “ The continuing debate over the use of ratio variables: fact and fiction ” . In Sociological Methodology, 1980. , Edited by: Schuessler , Karl . 37 – 67 . San Francisco : Jossey‐Bass .
   Google Scholar
• MacMillan , Alexander and Daft , Richard L. 1980 . Relationship among ratio variables with common components: fact and artifact . Social Forces , 58 : 1109 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massie , Joseph L. 1965 . “ Management theory ” . In Handbook of Organizations. , Edited by: March , James G. 387 – 422 . Chicago : Rand McNally .
   Google Scholar
• Mayhew , Bruce H. 1982 . “ Hierarchical differentiation in imperatively coordinated associations ” . In Mathematische Analyse von Organisationsstrukturen and Prozessen. , Edited by: Sodeur , Wolfgang . 117 – 98 . Duisburg : Sozialwissenschaftliche Kooperative .
   Google Scholar
• Mayhew , Bruce H. , Levinger , Roger L. , McPherson , J.J. and James , Thomas F. 1972 . System size and structural differentiation in formal organizations: a baseline generator for two theoretical propositions . American Sociological Review , 37 : 629 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer , Marshall W. 1971 . Some constraints in analyzing data on organizational structures: a comment on Blau's paper . American Sociological Review , 36 : 294 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• _____ . 1972 . Size and the structure of organizations: a causal analysis . American Sociological Review , 37 : 434 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooney , J.D. and Reiley , A.C. 1939 . The Principles of Organization , New York : Harper .
   Google Scholar
• Pondy , Louis R. 1969 . Effects of size, complexity, and ownership on administrative intensity . Administrative Science Quarterly , 14 : 47 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renyi , A. 1959 . Some remarks on the theory of trees . A Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia Mathematikai Kutato Intezetenek Kozlemenyei , 4 : 73 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Schuessler , Karl . 1974 . Analysis of ratio variables: opportunities and pitfalls . American Journal of Sociology , 80 : 379 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starbuck , William H. 1965 . “ Organizational growth and development ” . In Handbook of Organizations. , Edited by: March , James G. 451 – 533 . Chicago : Rand‐McNally .
   Google Scholar
• Terrien , F.W. and Mills , D.C. 1955 . The effects of changing size on internal structure of organizations . American Sociological Review , 20 : 11 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I would like to thank Lowell Hargens, Aage Sprensen, and Nancy Tuma for their helpful suggestions. Editorial comments of Carolyn Mullins are gratefully acknowledged.
   Google Scholar