REFERENCES
- Bornstein , G. , & Rapoport , A. ( 1988 ). Intergroup competition for the provision of step-level public goods: Effects of preplay communication . European Journal of Social Psychology , 18 , 125 – 142 .
- Dawes , R. M. ( 1980 ). Social dilemmas . Annual Review of Psychology , 31 , 169 – 193 .
- Farrel , J. , & Rabin , M. ( 1996 ). Cheap talk . The Journal of Economic Perspectives , 10 , 103 – 118 .
- Fehr , E. , & Gächter , S. ( 2002 ). Altruistic punishment in humans . Nature , 415 , 137 – 140 .
- Fudenberg , D. , & Tirole , J. ( 1990 ). Game theory . Cambridge, MA : The MIT Press .
- Hardin , G. ( 1968 ). The tragedy of the commons . Science , 162 , 1243 – 1248 .
- Kerr , N. L. ( 1989 ). Illusions of efficacy: The effects of group size on perceived efficacy in social dilemmas . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 25 , 287 – 313 .
- Kerr , N. L. ( 1992 ). Efficacy as a causal and moderating variable in social dilemmas . In W. Liebrand , D. Messick , & H. Wilki (Eds.), Social dilemmas: Theoretical issues and research findings (pp. 59 – 80 ). New York, NY : Pergamon Press .
- Kerr , N. L. ( 1996 ). “Does my contribution really matter?”: Efficacy in social dilemmas . European Review of Social Psychology , 7 , 209 – 240 .
- Kerr , N. L. , & Bruun , S. E. ( 1983 ). Dispensability of member effort and group motivation losses: Free-rider effects . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 44 , 78 – 94 .
- Kerr , N. L. , Garts , J. , Lewandowski , D. A. , & Harris , S. E. ( 1997 ). That still, small voice: Commitment to cooperate as an internalized versus social norm . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 23 , 1300 – 1311 .
- Kerr , N. L. , & Kaufman-Gilliland , C. M. ( 1994 ). Communication, commitment, and cooperation in social dilemmas . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 66 , 513 – 529 .
- Kollock , P. ( 1998 ). Social dilemmas: The anatomy of cooperation . Annual Review of Sociology , 24 , 183 – 214 .
- Marwell , G. , & Ames , R. E. ( 1980 ). Experiments on the provision of public goods. II. Provision points, stakes, experience, and the free-rider problem . American Journal of Sociology , 85 , 926 – 937 .
- Messick , D. M. , & Brewer , M. B. ( 1983 ). Solving social dilemmas: A review . In L. Wheeler & P. Shaver (Eds.), Annual Review of Personality and Social Psychology ( Vol. 3 , pp. 11 – 44 ). Beverly Hills , CA : Sage .
- Olson , M. ( 1965 ). The logic of collective action: Public goods and the theory of groups . Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
- Ostrom , E. ( 1990 ). Governing the commons . Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press .
- Rapoport , A. ( 1985 ). Provision of public goods and the MCS experimental paradigm . American Political Science Review , 79 , 148 – 155 .
- Rapoport , A. , & Bornstein , G. ( 1987 ). Intergroup competition for the provision of binary public goods . Psychological Review , 94 , 291 – 299 .
- Rapoport , A. , Bornstein , G. , & Erev , I. ( 1989 ). Intergroup competition for public goods: Effects of unequal resources and relative group size . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 56 , 748 – 756 .
- Simpson , B. ( 2004 ). Social values, subjective transformations, and cooperation in social dilemmas . Social Psychology Quarterly , 67 , 385 – 395 .
- Van de Kragt , A. J. C. , Orbell , J. M. , & Dawes , R. M. ( 1983 ). The minimal contributing set as a solution to public goods problems . The American Political Science Review , 77 , 112 – 122 .
- Vasi , I. B. , & Macy , M. ( 2003 ). The mobilizer's dilemma: Crisis, empowerment, and collective action . Social Forces , 81 , 979 – 998 .
- Willer , R. ( 2009 ). Groups reward individual sacrifice: The status solution to the collective action problem . American Sociological Review , 74 , 23 – 43 .