Adaptation of Neuromuscular Synergies During Intentional Constraints of Space-Time Relationships in Human Gait

References

• Armstrong , D. M. 1988 . The supraspinal control of mammalian locomotion . Journal of Physiology , 405 : 1 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein , N. A. 1967 . The co-ordination and regulation of movements , Oxford : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bonnard , M. and Pailhous , J. 1993 . Intentionality in human gait control: Modifying the frequency/amplitude relationships . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 13 : 429 – 443 .
   Google Scholar
• Cappozzo , A. , Figura , F. and Marchetti , M. 1976 . The interplay of muscular and external forces in human ambulation . Journal of Biomechanics , 9 : 35 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavagna , G. A. and Franzetti , P. 1986 . The determinants of the step frequency in walking in humans . Journal of Physiology , 373 : 235 – 242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavagna , G. A. , Thys , H. and Zamboni , A. 1976 . The sources of external work in level walking and running . Journal of Physiology (London) , 262 : 639 – 657 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danion , F. , Bonnard , M. and Pailhous , J. 1997 . Intentional on-line control of propulsive forces in human gait . Experimental Brain Research , 116 : 525 – 538 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drew , T. 1988 . Motor cortical discharge during voluntary gait modification . Brain Research , 457 : 187 – 195 .
   Google Scholar
• Feldman , A. G. 1980 . Superposition of motor programs—I. Rhythmic forearm movements in man . Neuroscience , 5 : 81 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grillner , S. 1981 . “ Control of locomotion in bipeds, tetrapods and fish ” . In Handbook of physiology: The nervous system: Vol. 2. Motor control , Edited by: Brooks , V. B. 1179 – 1236 . Bethesda, MD : American Physiological Society .
   Google Scholar
• Hogan , N. 1984 . Adaptive control of mechanical impedance by coactivation of antagonist muscle . IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control , 29 ( 8 ) : 681 – 690 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyt , D. F. and Taylor , C. R. 1981 . Gait and the energetics of locomotion in horses . Nature , 292 : 239 – 240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inman , V. T. , Ralston , H. J. and Todd , F. 1981 . Human walking , Baltimore, MD : Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Kay , B. A. , Saltzman , E. L. , Kelso , J. A. S. and Schöner , G. 1987 . Space-time behavior of single and bimanual rhythmical movements: Data and limit cycle model . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 13 : 178 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mochon , S. and McMahon , T. A. 1981 . Ballistic walking: An improved model . Mathematical Biosciences , 52 : 241 – 260 .
   Google Scholar
• Murray , M. P. , Kory , R. C. , Clarkson , B. H. and Sepic , S. B. 1966 . Comparison of free and fast speed walking patterns of normal men . American Journal of Physical Medicine , 45 : 8 – 24 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nilsson , J. and Thorstensson , A. 1987 . Adaptability in frequency and amplitude of leg movements during human locomotion at different speeds . Acta Physiologica Scandinavica , 129 : 107 – 114 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olney , S. J. and Winter , D. A. 1985 . Predictions of knee and ankle moments of force in walking from EMG and kinematic data . Journal of Biomechanics , 18 : 9 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patla , A. E. 1985 . Some characteristics of EMG patterns during locomotion: Implications for locomotor control processes . Journal of Motor Behavior , 17 : 443 – 461 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patla , A. E. , Armstrong , C. J. and Silveira , J. M. 1989 . Adaptation of the muscle activation patterns to transitory increase in stride length during treadmill locomotion in humans . Human Movement Science , 8 : 45 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Patla , A. E. , Prentice , S. D. , Robinson , C. and Neufeld , J. 1991 . Visual control of locomotion: Strategies for changing direction and for going over obstacles . Journal of Experimental Psychology, Human Perception and Performance , 17 : 603 – 634 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholz , J. P. and Kelso , J. A. S. 1990 . Intentional switching between patterns of bimanual coordination depends on the intrinsic dynamics of the patterns . Journal of Motor Behavior , 22 : 98 – 124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter , D. A. 1983 . Biomechanical motor patterns in normal walking . Journal of Motor Behavior , 15 : 302 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter , D. A. 1984 . Kinematic and kinetic patterns in human gait: Variability and compensating effects . Human Movement Science , 3 : 51 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter , D. A. 1990 . Biomechanics and motor control of human movement , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Yang , J. F. and Winter , D. A. 1985 . Surface EMG profiles during different walking cadences in humans . Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology , 60 : 485 – 491 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zarrugh , M. Y. and Radcliffe , C. W. 1978 . Predicting metabolic cost of level walking . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 38 : 215 – 223 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar