126
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Pace Length Effects in Human Walking: “Groucho” Gaits Revisited

, , &
Pages 309-318 | Received 21 Jun 1999, Accepted 25 Jan 2001, Published online: 02 Apr 2010

References

  • Alexander , R. M. 1977 . “ Mechanics and scaling of terrestrial locomotion ” . In Scale effects in animal locomotion , Edited by: Pedley , T. J. 93 – 110 . London : Academic Press .
  • Alexander , R. M. 1984 . Walking and running. . American Scientist , 72 : 348 – 354 .
  • Alexander , R. M. 1995 . Simple models of human movement. . Applied Mechanics Reviews , 48 : 461 – 468 .
  • Bertram , J. E. A. , Lee , D. V. , Todhunter , R. J. , Foels , W. S. , Williams , A. J. and Lust , G. 1997 . Multiple force platform analysis of the canine trot: A new approach to assessing basic characteristics of locomotion. . Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology , 10 : 160 – 169 .
  • Bertram , J. E. A. and Ruina , A. 2001 . Multiple walking speed‐frequency relations are predicted by constrained optimization. . Journal of Theoretical Biology , 209 : 445 – 453 .
  • Bertram , J. E. A. , Ruina , A. , Cannon , C. E. , Chang , Y. H. and Coleman , M. 1999 . A point mass model of gibbon brachiation. . Journal of Experimental Biology , 202 : 2609 – 2617 .
  • Biewener , A. A. and Full , R. J. 1992 . “ Force platform and kinematic analysis ” . In Biomechanics—Structures and systems , Edited by: Biewener , A. A. 45 – 74 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Biewener , A. A. and Taylor , C. R. 1986 . Bone strain: A determinant of gait and speed. . Journal of Experimental Biology , 123 : 383 – 400 .
  • Cavagna , G. A. , Heglund , N. C. and Taylor , C. R. 1977 . Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: Two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure. . American Journal of Physiology , 233 : R243 – R261 .
  • Cavagna , G. A. and Kaneko , M. 1977 . Mechanical work and efficiency in level walking and running. . Journal of Physiology, London , 268 : 467 – 481 .
  • Cavagna , G. A. , Thys , H. and Zamboni , A. 1976 . The sources of external work on level walking and running. . Journal of Physiology , 262 : 639 – 657 .
  • Diedrich , F. J. and Warren , W. H. Jr. 1995 . Why change gaits? Dynamics of the walk‐run transition. . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 21 : 183 – 202 .
  • Diedrich , F. J. and Warren , W. H. Jr. 1998 . The dynamics of gait transitions: Effects of grade and load. . Journal of Motor Behavior , 30 : 60 – 78 .
  • Donelan , J. M. and Kram , R. 1997 . The effect of reduced gravity on the kinematics of human walking: A test of the dynamic similarity hypothesis for locomotion. . Journal of Experimental Biology , 200 : 3193 – 3201 .
  • Farley , C. T. and Taylor , C. R. 1991 . A mechanical trigger for the trot‐gallop transition in horses. . Science , 253 : 306 – 308 .
  • Garcia , M. , Chatterjee , A. , Ruina , A. and Coleman , M. 1998 . The simplest walking model: Stability, complexity and scaling. . Journal of Biomechanical Engineering , 120 : 281 – 288 .
  • Gatesy , S. M. and Biewener , A. A. 1991 . Bipedal locomotion: Effects of speed, size and limb posture in birds and humans. . Journal of Zoology, London , 224 : 127 – 147 .
  • Heglund , N. C. 1981 . A simple design for a force‐plate to measure ground reaction forces. . Journal of Experimental Biology , 93 : 333 – 338 .
  • Heglund , N. C. , Fedak , M. A. , Taylor , C. R. and Cavagna , G. A. 1982 . Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. IV. Total mechanical energy changes as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals. . Journal of Experimental Biology , 97 : 57 – 66 .
  • Hreljac , A. 1993 . Preferred and energetically optimal gait transition speeds in human locomotion. . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 25 : 1158 – 1162 .
  • Hreljac , A. 1995 . Determinants of the gait transition speed during human locomotion: Kinematic factors. . Journal of Biomechanics , 28 : 669 – 667 .
  • Inman , V. T. , Ralston , H. J. and Todd , F. 1981 . Human walking , Baltimore, MD : Williams and Wilkins .
  • Martin , P. E. and Marsh , A. P. 1992 . Step length and frequency effects on ground reaction forces during walking. . Journal of Biomechanics , 25 : 1237 – 1239 .
  • McGeer , T. 1990 . Passive dynamic walking. . International Journal of Robotics Research , 9 : 68 – 82 .
  • McMahon , T. A. and Greene , P. R. 1979 . The influence of track compliance on running. . Journal of Biomechanics , 12 : 893 – 904 .
  • McMahon , T. A. , Valiant , G. and Frederick , E. C. 1987 . Groucho running. . Journal of Applied Physiology , 62 : 2326 – 2337 .
  • Miller , C. A. and Verstraete , M. C. 1994 . Determination of the step duration of gait initiation using a mechanical energy analysis. . Journal of Biomechanics , 29 : 1195 – 1199 .
  • Milner , M. and Quanbury , A. O. 1970 . Facets of control in human walking. . Nature , 227 : 734 – 735 .
  • Minetti , A. E. , Ardigo , L. P. and Saibene , F. 1994 . The transition between walking and running in humans: Metabolic and mechanical aspects at different gradients. . Acta Physiologica Scandinavia , 150 : 315 – 323 .
  • Nilsson , J. , Thorstensson , A. and Halbertsma , J. 1985 . Changes in leg movements and muscle activity with speed of locomotion and mode of progression in humans. . Acta Physiologica Scandinavia , 123 : 451 – 475 .
  • Patla , A. E. , Robinson , C. , Samways , M. and Armstrong , C. J. 1989 . Visual control of step length during overgound locomotion: Task‐specific modulation of the locomotor synergy. . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 15 : 603 – 617 .
  • Schutt , W. A. Jr. , Altenbach , J. S. , Chang , Y. H. , Cullinane , D. M. , Hermanson , J. W. , Muradali , F. and Bertram , J. E. A. 1997 . The dynamics of flight‐initiating jumps in the common vampire bat . Desmodus rotundus. Journal of Experimental Biology , 200 : 3003 – 3012 .
  • Wagenaar , R. C. and Beek , W. J. 1992 . Hemiplegic gait: A kinematic analysis using walking speed as a basis. . Journal of Biomechanics , 25 : 1007 – 1015 .
  • Winter , D. A. 1990 . Biomechanics and motor control of movement , 2nd ed. , New York : Wiley .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.