Analysis of “Invariant Characteristics” in the Motor Control of Down’s Syndrome and Normal Subjects

References

• Agarwal, G. C., & Gottlieb, C. L. Oscillation of the human ankle joint in response to applied sinusoidal torque on the foot. Journal of Physiology, 1977, 268, 151–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlman, H., Grillner, S., & Udo, M. The effect of 5-HTP on the static fusimotor activity and the tonic stretch reflex of an extensor muscle. Brain Research, 1971, 27, 393–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreeva, E. A., & Shafranova, E. I. Muscular activity control systems for Parkinson's disease. Automation and Remote Control, 1975, 36, 596–605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asatryan, D. G., & Fel'dman, A. G. Functional tuning of the nervous system with control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture-l. Mechanographic analysis on the work of the joint on execution of a postural task. Biophysics, 1965, 10, 925–935.
   Google Scholar
• Barmack, N. H. Measurements of stiffness of extraocular muscle of the rabbit. Journal of Neurophysiology, 1976, 39, 1009–1019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkson, G. An analysis of reaction time in normal and mentally deficient young men. III. Variation of stimulus and of response complexity. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 1960, 4, 69–77.
   Google Scholar
• Bizzi, E. Central and peripheral mechanisms in motor control. In G. E. Stelmach & J. Requin (Eds.), Tutorials in motor behavior. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Bizzi, E., Dev, P., Morasso, P., & Polit, A. Effects of load disturbance during centrally initiated movements. Journal of Neurophysiology, 1978, 41, 542–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bizzi, E., Polit, A., & Morasso, P. Mechanisms underlying achievement of final head position. Journal of Neurophysiology, 1976, 39, 435–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, V. B. Some examples of programmed limb movements. Brain Research, 1974, 71, 299–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, M. Serotonin in Down Syndrome. New York: American Elsevier Publishing Company, 1973.
   Google Scholar
• Cooke, J. D. The organization of simple, skilled movements. In G. E. Stelmach & J. Requin (Eds.), Tutorials in motor behavior. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Crowie, V. A. A study of the early development of Mongols. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1970.
   Google Scholar
• Crago, P. E., Houk, J. C., & Hasan, Z. Regulatory action of the human stretch reflex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 1976, 39, 925–935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fel'dman, A. G. Functional tuning of the nervous system with control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture-ll. Controllable parameters of the muscle. Biophysics, 1966, 11, 565–576. (a)
   Google Scholar
• Fel'dman, A. G. Functional tuning of the nervous system with control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture-Ill. Mechanographic analysis of execution by man ofthe simplest motor tasks. Biophysics, 1966, 11, 766–775. (b)
   Google Scholar
• Fel'dman, A. G. Changes in the length of the muscle as a consequence of a shift in equilibrium in the muscle-load system. Biophysics, 1974, 19, 534–538. (a)
   Google Scholar
• Fel'dman, A. G. Control in the length of a muscle. Biophysics, 1974, 19, 766–771. (b)
   Google Scholar
• Fel'dman, A. G. Superposition of motor programs-l. Rhythmic forearm movements in man. Neuroscience, 1980, 5, 81–90. (a)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fel'dman, A. C. Superposition of motor programs-ll. Rapid forearm flexion in man. Neuroscience, 1980, 5, 91–95. (b)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frith, U., & Frith, C. D. Specific motor disabilities in Down syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1974, 15, 293–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houk, J. D. Participation of reflex mechanisms and reaction time processes in compensatory adjustments to mechanical disturbances. In J. Desmedt (Ed.), Cerebral motor control in man: Long loop mechanisms. Basel: Karger, 1978.
   Google Scholar
• Houk, J. C., Singer, J. J., & Goldman, M. R. An evaluation of length and force feedback to soleus muscle of decerebrate cats. Journal of Neurophysiology, 1970, 33, 784–811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, R. J. Multivariate analysis of the walking behavior in institutionalized Down's syndrome males. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1974.
   Google Scholar
• Kelso, J. A. S. Motor control mechanisms underlying human movement reproduction. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1977, 8, 429–443.
   Google Scholar
• Kelso, J. A. S., & Holt, K. C. Exploring a vibratory systems analysis of human movement production. Journal of Neurophysiology, 1980, 43, 1183–1196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelso, J. A. S., Holt, K. C, & Flatt, A. E. The role of proprioception in the perception and control of human movement: Toward a theoretical reassessment. Perception & Psychophysics, 1980, 28, 45–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelso, J. A. S., Holt, K. C, Kugler, P. N., & Turvey, M. T. On the concept of coordinative structure as dissipative structure-ll. Empirical lines of convergence. In G. E. Stelmach & J. Requin (Eds.), Tutorials in motor behavior. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Knight, R. M., Atkinson, B. R., & Hyman, J. A. Tactual discrimination and motor skills in mongoloid and non-mongoloid retarded and normal children. American journal of Mental Deficiency, 1967, 71, 894–900.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koch, R., & de la Cruz, F. F. Down's syndrome (Mongolism): Research, prevention, and management. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1975.
   Google Scholar
• Lange, E. K. A comparison of the response times of mongoloid children and normal children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of New Mexico, 1970.
   Google Scholar
• LaVeck, B., & Brehm, S. S. Individual variation among children with Down's syndrome. Mental Retardation, 1978, 16, 135–137.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lestienne, F., Polit, A., & Bizzi, E. From movement to posture. In C. H. Nadeau, K. M. Newell, G. C. Roberts, & H. H. Halliwell (Eds.), Theskiilfulness in movement: Theory and application. Champaign, III.: Human Kinetics Press, 1980.
   Google Scholar
• McCoy, E. E., Segal, D. J., & Strynadka, I. Decreased ATPase, increased NA+ and decreased K+ in Down's syndrome platelets. In R. Koch & F. F. de la Cruz (Eds.), Down's syndrome (Mongolism): Research, prevention, and management. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1975.
   Google Scholar
• Neilson, P. D., & Lance, J. W. Reflex transmission characteristics during voluntary activity in normal man and patients with movements disorders. In J. E. Desmedt (Ed.), Cerebral motor control in man: Long loop mechanisms: Progress in clinical neurophysiology (Vol. 4). Basel: Karger, 1978.
   Google Scholar
• Neilson, P. D., & Neilson, M. D. The role of action reflexes in the damping of mechanical oscillations. Brain Research, 1978, 142, 439–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owens, D., Dawson, J. D., & Losin, S. Alzheimer's disease in Down's syndrome. American journal of Mental Deficiency, 1971, 75, 606–612.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polit, A., & Bizzi, E. Processes controlling arm movements in monkeys. Science, 1978, 201, 1235–1237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rack, P. M. H. The significance of mechanical properties of muscle in the reflex control of posture. In P. Anderson & A. K. S. Jansen (Eds.), Excitatory synaptic mechanisms. Bergen, Tromio: Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 1969.
   Google Scholar
• Safronov, V. A. Problem of the regulation of muscle tone. Biophysics, 1970, 15, 1145–1154.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, R. A., & McGown, C. Terminal accuracy of unexpectedly loaded rapid movements: Evidence for a mass-spring mechanism in programming. Journal of Motor Behavior, 1980, 12, 149–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turvey, M. T. Preliminaries to a theory of action with reference to vision. In R. Shaw & J. Bransford (Eds.), Perceiving, acting and knowing: Toward an ecological psychology. Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum, 1977.
   Google Scholar
• von Bertalanffy, L. General system theory. London: Penguin University Books, 1973.
   Google Scholar
• Wine, R. L. Statistics for scientists and engineers. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964.
   Google Scholar