463
Views
125
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Biomechanics of Normal and Pathological Gait

Implications for Understanding Human Locomotor Control

Pages 337-355 | Received 07 Jul 1989, Published online: 13 Aug 2013

References

  • Bernstein, N. A. (1967). The co-ordination and regulation of movements. London: Pergamon Press.
  • Dickey, J. (1988). Motor compensations in gait resulting from unilateral ischemic block of the leg. Master of Science thesis, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.
  • Grillner, S. (1985). Neurobiological bases of rhythmic motor acts in vertebrates. Science, 228, 143–149.
  • Forssberg, H., Grillner, S., Halbertsma, J. (1980). The locomotion of the low spinal cat. I. Coordination within a hindlimb. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 108, 269–281.
  • Hemami, H., Stokes, B. (1983). A quantitative discussion of mechanics of feedback and feedforward in the control of locomotion. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 30, 681–688.
  • Houk, J., Rymer, Z. (1981). Neural control of muscle length and tension. In S. R. Greiger (Ed.), Handbook of physiology. Sec. I. The Nervous System. Vol. II. Motor Control (pp. 257–323). Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society.
  • Magladery, J. W., McDougal, D. B., & Stoll, J. (1950). Electrophysiological studies of nerve and reflex activity in normal man. II. The effects of peripheral ischemia. Bulletin Johns Hopkins Hospital, 86, 291–312.
  • McFadyen, B. (1988). Anticipatory control for safe foot trajectories during obstructed walking. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.
  • Nashner, L. M. (1980). Balance adjustments of humans perturbed while walking. Journal of Neurophysiology, 44, 650–664.
  • Neilson, P. D., Neilson, M. D., O'Dwyer, N. J. (1988). Internal models and intermittency: A theoretical account of human tracking behavior. Biological Cybernetics, 58, 101–112.
  • Pearson, K. G. (1987). Central pattern generation: A concept under scrutiny. In H. McLennan, J. R. Ledsome, C. H. S. McIntosh, & D. R. Jones (Eds.), Advances in physiological research (pp. 257–323). New York: Plenum Press.
  • Seraji, H. (1987). An approach to multivariable control of manipulators. Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement and Control, 109, 146–154.
  • Shik, M. L., Orlovsky, G. N. (1976). Neurophysiology of locomotor automation. Physiological Reviews, 56, 465–501.
  • Wickiewicz, T. L., Roy, R. R., Powell, P. L., Edgerton, V. R. (1983). Muscle architecture of the human lower limb. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 179, 275–283.
  • Winter, D. A. (1980). Overall principle of lower limb support during stance phase of gait. Journal of Biomechanics, 13, 923–927.
  • Winter, D. A. (1983). Biomechanical motor patterns in normal walking. Journal of Motor Behavior, 15, 302–330.
  • Winter, D. A. (1984a). Use of computer averaged EMG profiles in the diagnosis of pathological gait. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 65, 393–400.
  • Winter, D. A. (1984b). Kinematic and kinetic patterns in human gait: Variability and compensating effects. Human Movement Science, 3, 51–76.
  • Winter, D. A. (1985). Concerning the scientific basis for the diagnosis of pathological gait and for rehabilitation protocols. Physiotherapy Canada, 37, 245–252.
  • Winter, D. A. (1987a). The biomechanics and motor control of human gait. Waterloo, Ontario; University of Waterloo Press.
  • Winter, D. A. (1987b). Balance and posture in human walking. Engineering in Medicine and Biology, 6, 8–11.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.