Control of Equilibrium Position and Stiffness Through Postural Modules

References

• Bizzi , E. , Mussa-Ivaldi , F. A. and Giszter , S. 1991 . Computations underlying the execution of movement: A biological perspective . Science , 253 : 287 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks , V. B. 1986 . The neural basis of motor control , Clarendon, , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dorney , M. Control of movement, postural stability, and muscle angular stiffness . Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Systems . pp. 1373 – 1379 . Charlottesville, VA Man, and Cybernetics
   Google Scholar
• Feldman , A. G. 1966 . Functional tuning of the nervous system with control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture. II. Controllable parameters of the muscles . Biophysics , 11 : 565 – 578 .
   Google Scholar
• Flash , T. 1987 . The control of hand equilibrium trajectories in multi-joint arm movements . Biological Cybernetics , 57 : 257 – 274 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flash , T. and Mussa-Ivaldi , F. A. 1990 . Human arm stiffness characteristics during the maintenance of posture . Experimental Brain Research , 82 : 315 – 326 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukushima , K. 1987 . The interstitial nucleus of Cajal and its role in the control of movements of head and eyes . Progress in Neurobiology , 29 : 107 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gielen , C. C. A.M. and Van Zuylen , E. J. 1986 . Coordination of arm muscles during flexion and supination: Application of the tensor analysis approach . Neuroscience , 17 : 527 – 539 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giszter , S. F. , Mussa-Ivaldi , F. A. and Bizzi , E. 1991 . “ Equilibrium point mechanisms in the spinal frog ” . In Visual structures and integrated functions , Edited by: Arbib , M. A. and Warts , J. P. F. 223 – 237 . New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Hogan , N. 1984 . An organizing principle for a class of voluntary movements . Journal of Neuroscience , 52 : 315 – 331 .
   Google Scholar
• Hogan , N. 1985 . The mechanics of multi-joint posture and movement control . Biological Cybernetics , 52 : 315 – 331 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogan , N. , Bizzi , E. , Mussa-Ivaldi , F. A. and Flash , T. 1987 . Controlling multijoint motor behavior . Exercise Sport Sciences Reviews , 151 : 153 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Jolliffe , I. T. 1986 . Principal component analysis , New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Jongen , H. A. H. , van der Gon , J. J. Denier and Gielen , C. C. A. M. 1989 . Activation of human arm muscles during flexion/extension and supination/pronation tasks: A theory on muscle coordination . Biological Cybernetics , 61 : 1 – 19 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kathib , O. 1986 . Real-time obstacle avoidance for manipulators and mobile robots . International Journal of Robotics Research , 5 : 90 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacquaniti , F. 1989 . Central representations of human limb movements as revealed by studies of drawing and hand writing . Trends in Neuroscience , 12 : 287 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masino , T. and Grobstein , P. 1989 . The organization of descending tectofugal pathways underlying orienting in the frog, Rana pipiens: I. Lateralization, parcellation, and an intermediate spatial representation. II. Evidence for the involvement of a tectotegmento-spinal pathway . Experimental Brain Research , 75 : 227 – 264 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Masino , T. and Knudsen , E. I. 1990 . Horizontal and vertical components of head movement are controlled by distinct neural circuits in the barn owl . Nature , 345 : 434 – 437 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mussa-Ivaldi , F. A. 1993 . From basis functions to basis fields: Vector field approximation from sparse data . Biological Cybernetics , 67 : 479 – 489 .
   Google Scholar
• Mussa-Ivaldi , F. A. and Giszter , S. F. 1993 . Vector field approximation: A computational paradigm for motor control and learning . Biological Cybernetics , 67 : 491 – 500 .
   Google Scholar
• Mussa-Ivaldi , F. A. , Hogan , N. and Bizzi , E. 1985 . Neural, mechanical and geometric factors subserving arm posture in humans . Journal of Neuroscience , 5 : 2732 – 2743 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mussa-Ivaldi , F. A. , Morasso , P. and Zaccaria , R. 1988 . Kinematic networks: A distributed model for representing and regularizing motor redundancy . Biological Cybernetics , 60 : 1 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols , T. R. and Houk , J. C. 1976 . Improvement in linearity and regulation of stiffness that results from actions of stretch reflex . Journal of Neurophysiology , 39 : 119 – 142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellionisz , A. J. and Peterson , B. W. 1988 . “ A tensorial model of neck motor activation ” . In Control of head movements , Edited by: Peterson , B. W. and Richmond , F. 178 – 186 . Clarendon, , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shadmehr , R. 1991 . A computational theory for control of posture and movement in a multi-joint limb , Los Angeles : Center for Neural Engineering . (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California). (Tech. Rep. No. 91-07)
   Google Scholar
• Shadmehr , R. and Arbib , M. A. 1992 . A mathematical analysis of the force-stiffness characteristics of muscles and the role of autogenic reflexes in biological motor control . Biological Cybernetics , 66 : 463 – 477 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shadmehr , R. , Mussa-Ivaldi , F. A. and Bizzi , E. 1993 . Postural force fields and their role in generation of multi-joint movements . Journal of Neuroscience , 13 : 45 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soechting , J. F. and Flanders , M. 1989 . Errors in pointing are due to approximation in sensorimotor transformations . Journal of Neurophysiology , 62 : 595 – 608 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uno , Y. , Kawato , M. and Suzuki , R. 1989 . Formation and control of optimal trajectory in human multijoint arm movements: Minimum torque-change model . Biological Cybernetics , 61 : 89 – 101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westheimer , G. and Blair , S. M. 1975 . Synkinesis of head and eye movements evoked by brain-stem stimulation in alert monkey . Experimental Brain Research , 24 : 89 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar