The Influence of Visual Perception of Self-Motion on Locomotor Adaptation to Unilateral Limb Loading

REFERENCES

• Bachmann , V. , Müller , R. , van Hedel , H. J. and Dietz , V. 2008 . Vertical perturbations of human gait: Organisation and adaptation of leg muscle responses . Experimental Brain Research , 186 : 123 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagesteiro , L. B. , Sarlegna , F. R. and Sainburg , R. L. 2006 . Differential influence of vision and proprioception on control of movement distance . Experimental Brain Research , 171 : 358 – 370 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne , J. E. , Stergiou , N. , Blanke , D. , Houser , J. J. , Kurz , M. J. and Hageman , P. A. 2002 . Comparison of gait patterns between young and elderly women: An examination of coordination . Perceptual & Motor Skills , 94 : 265 – 280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cham , R. and Redfern , M. S. 2002 . Changes in gait when anticipating slippery floors . Gait & Posture , 15 : 159 – 171 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi , J. T. and Bastian , A. J. 2007 . Adaptation reveals independent control networks for human walking . Nature Neuroscience , 10 : 1055 – 1062 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claremont , A. D. and Hall , S. J. 1988 . Effects of extremity loading upon energy expenditure and running mechanics . Medicine & Science in Sports Exercise , 20 : 167 – 171 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dokka , K. , Kenyon , R. V. and Keshner , E. A. 2009 . Influence of visual scene velocity on segmental kinematics during stance . Gait & Posture , 30 : 211 – 216 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durgin , F. H. , Reed , C. and Tigue , C. 2007 . Step Frequency and perceived self-motion . ACM Transactions on Applied Perception , 4 ( 1 ) : 1 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eke-Okoro , S. T. , Larsson , L. E. and Sandlund , B. 1985 . Simulation of paretic gait in normal subjects by loading the ankles . Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine , 17 : 147 – 150 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferris , D. P. , Gordon , K. E. , Beres-Jones , J. A. and Harkema , S. J. 2004 . Muscle activation during unilateral stepping occurs in the nonstepping limb of humans with clinically complete spinal cord injury . Spinal Cord , 42 ( 1 ) : 14 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanagan , J. R. and Rao , A. K. 1995 . Trajectory adaptation to a nonlinear visuomotor transformation: Evidence of motion planning in visually perceived space . Journal of Neurophisiology , 74 : 2174 – 2178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon , C. R. , Fletcher , W. A. , Melvill Jones , G. and Block , E. W. 1995 . Adaptive plasticity in the control of locomotor trajectory . Experimental Brain Research , 102 : 540 – 545 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon , K. E. , Wu , M. , Kahn , J. H. , Dhaher , Y. Y. and Schmit , B. D. 2009 . Ankle load modulates hip kinetics and EMG during human locomotion . Journal of Neurophisiology , 101 : 2062 – 2076 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewer , R. L. , Cooper , R. and Morgan , M. H. 1972 . An investigation into the value of treating intention tremor by weighting the affected limb . Brain , 95 : 579 – 590 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu , A. L. , Tang , P. F. and Jan , M. H. 2003 . Analysis of impairments influencing gait velocity and asymmetry of hemiplegic patients after mild to moderate stroke . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 84 : 1185 – 1193 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jäncke , L. , Cheetham , M. and Baumgartner , T. 2009 . Virtual reality and the role of the prefrontal cortex in adults and children . Frontiers in Human Neuroscience , 3 : 52 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung , T. , Lee , D. , Charalambous , C. and Vrongistinos , K. 2010 . The influence of applying additional weight to the affected leg on gait patterns during aquatic treadmill walking in people poststroke . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 91 : 129 – 136 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsavelis , D. , Mukherjee , M. , Decker , L. and Stergiou , N. 2010a . Variability of lower extremity joint kinematics during backward walking in a virtual environment . Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences , 14 : 165 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsavelis , D. , Mukherjee , M. , Decker , L. and Stergiou , N. 2010b . The effect of virtual reality on gait variability . Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences , 14 : 239 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurz , M. J. and Stergiou , N. 2007 . Do horizontal propulsive forces influence the nonlinear structure of locomotion? . Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation , 4 : 30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam , T. , Anderschitz , M. and Dietz , V. 2006 . Contribution of feedback and feedforward strategies to locomotor adaptations . Journal of Neurophisiology , 95 : 766 – 773 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamontagne , A. and Fung , J. 2004 . Faster is better: Implications for speed-intensive gait training after stroke . Stroke , 35 : 2543 – 2548 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maki , B. E. 1997 . Gait changes in older adults: Predictors of falls or indicators of fear . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 45 : 313 – 320 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsas , A. , Taylor , N. and McBurney , H. 2000 . Knee joint kinematics from familarised treadmill walking can be generalised to over-ground walking on young unimpaired subjects . Gait Posture , 11 : 46 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , J. F. and Stamford , B. A. 1987 . Intensity and energy cost of weighted walking vs. running for men and women . Journal of Applied Physiology , 62 : 1497 – 1501 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohler , B. J. , Thompson , W. B. , Creem-Regehr , S. H. , Pick , H. L. Jr. and Warren , W. H. Jr. 2007 . Visual flow influences gait transition speed and preferred walking speed . Experimental Brain Research , 181 : 221 – 228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , M. H. 1975 . Ataxia and weights . Physiotherapy , 61 : 332 – 334 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morton , S. M. and Bastian , A. J. 2006 . Cerebellar contributions to locomotor adaptations during splitbelt treadmill walking . Journal of Neuroscience , 26 : 9107 – 9116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olney , S. J. , Griffin , M. P. and McBride , I. D. 1994 . Temporal, kinematic, and kinetic variables related to gait speed in subjects with hemiplegia: A regression approach . Physical Therapy , 74 : 872 – 885 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plotnik , M. , Giladi , N. and Hausdorff , J. M. 2007 . A new measure for quantifying the bilateral coordination of human gait: Effects of aging and Parkinson's disease . Experimental Brain Research , 181 : 561 – 570 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prokop , T. , Schubert , M. and Berger , W. 1997 . Visual influence on human locomotion. Modulation to changes in optic flow . Experimental Brain Research , 114 : 63 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisman , D. S. , Wityk , R. , Silver , K. and Bastian , A. J. 2007 . Locomotor adaptation on a split-belt treadmill can improve walking symmetry post-stroke . Brain , 130 : 1861 – 1872 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , J. T. , Mulavara , A. P. and Bloomberg , J. J. 2007 . The interplay between strategic and adaptive control mechanisms in plastic recalibration of locomotor function . Experimental Brain Research , 178 : 326 – 338 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieser , J. J. , Pick , H. L. Jr. , Ashmead , D. H. and Garing , A. E. 1995 . Calibration of human locomotion and models of perceptional-motor organization . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 21 : 480 – 497 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner , H. B. and Barrack , R. L. 1990 . Ankle weighting effect on gait in able-bodied adults . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 71 : 112 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , J. D. and Martin , P. E. 2007 . Walking patterns change rapidly following asymmetrical lower extremity loading . Human Movement Science , 26 : 412 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens , M. J. and Yang , J. F. 1999 . Loading during the stance phase of walking in humans increases the extensor EMG amplitude but does not change the duration of the step cycle . Experimental Brain Research , 124 : 363 – 370 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorstensson , A. 1986 . How is the normal locomotor program modified to produce backward walking? . Experimental Brain Research , 61 : 664 – 668 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varraine , E. , Bonnard , M. and Pailhous , J. 2002 . Interaction between different sensory cues in the control of human gait . Experimental Brain Research , 142 : 374 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter , D. A. , Pluck , N. and Yang , J. F. 1989 . Backward walking: A simple reversal of forward walking? . Journal of Motor Behavior , 21 : 291 – 305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirth , W. , Hartmann , T. , Böcking , S. , Vorderer , P. , Klimmt , C. , Schramm , H. Saari , T. 2007 . A process model of the formation of spatial presence experiences . Media Psychology , 9 : 493 – 525 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witmer , B. G. and Singer , M. J. 1988 . Measuring presence in virtual environments: A presence questionnaire . Presence , 7 : 225 – 240 .
   Google Scholar
• Wolpert , D. M. , Ghahramani , Z. and Jordan , M. I. 1994 . Perceptual distortion contributes to the curvature of human reaching movements . Experimental Brain Research , 98 : 153 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolpert , D. M. , Ghahramani , Z. and Jordan , M. I. 1995 . An internal model for sensorimotor integration . Science , 269 : 1880 – 1882 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar