Identifying Coordinative Structure Using Principal Component Analysis Based on Coherence Derived From Linear Systems Analysis

REFERENCES

• Ada , L. , O’Dwyer , N. J. and Neilson , P. D. 1993 . Improvement in kinematic characteristics and coordination following stroke quantified by linear systems analysis . Human Movement Science , 12 : 137 – 153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexandrov , A. , Frolov , A. and Massion , J. 1998 . Axial synergies during human upper trunk bending . Experimental Brain Research , 118 : 210 – 220 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendat , J. S. and Piersol , A. G. 1971 . Random data: Analysis and measurement procedures , New York , NY : Wiley-Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein , N. 1967 . The co-ordination and regulation of movement () , 1st ed. , Oxford , , England : Pergamon .
   Google Scholar
• Borghese , N. A. , Bianchi , L. and Lacquaniti , F. 1996 . Kinematic determinants of human locomotion . Journal of Physiology , 494 : 863 – 879 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappellini , G. , Ivanenko , Y. P. , Poppele , R. E. and Lacquaniti , F. 2006 . Motor patterns in human walking and running . Journal of Neurophysiology , 95 : 3426 – 3437 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cathers , I. , O’Dwyer , N. and Neilson , P. 1999 . Dependence of stretch reflexes on amplitude and bandwidth of stretch in human wrist muscle . Experimental Brain Research , 129 : 278 – 287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung , V. C. , d’Avella , A. and Bizzi , E. 2009 . Adjustments of motor pattern for load compensation via modulated activations of muscle synergies during natural behaviors . Journal of Neurophysiology , 101 : 1235 – 1257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung , V. C. , d’Avella , A. , Tresch , M. C. and Bizzi , E. 2005 . Central and sensory contributions to the activation and organization of muscle synergies during natural motor behaviors . Journal of Neuroscience , 25 : 6419 – 6434 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung , V. C. , Piron , L. , Agostini , M. , Silvoni , S. , Turolla , A. and Bizzi , E. 2009 . Stability of muscle synergies for voluntary actions after cortical stroke in humans . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA , 106 : 19563 – 19568 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtine , G. , Roy , R. R. , Hodgson , J. , McKay , H. , Raven , J. , Zhong , H. and Edgerton , V. R. 2005 . Kinematic and EMG determinants in quadrupedal locomotion of a non-human primate (Rhesus) . Journal of Neurophysiology , 93 : 3127 – 3145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• d’Avella , A. and Bizzi , E. 2005 . Shared and specific muscle synergies in natural motor behaviors . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA , 102 : 3076 – 3081 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• d’Avella , A. , Portone , A. , Fernandez , L. and Lacquaniti , F. 2006 . Control of fast-reaching movements by muscle synergy combinations . Journal of Neuroscience , 26 : 7791 – 7810 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• d’Avella , A. , Saltiel , P. and Bizzi , E. 2003 . Combinations of muscle synergies in the construction of a natural motor behavior . Nature Neuroscience , 6 : 300 – 308 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daffertshofer , A. , Lamoth , C. J. , Meijer , O. G. and Beek , P. J. 2004 . PCA in studying coordination and variability: A tutorial . Clinical Biomechanics , 19 : 415 – 428 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danna-Dos-Santos , A. , Slomka , K. , Zatsiorsky , V. M. and Latash , M. L. 2007 . Muscle modes and synergies during voluntary body sway . Experimental Brain Research , 179 : 533 – 550 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das , S. , Lazarewicz , M. and Finkel , L. H. 2004 . Principal component analysis of temporal and spatial information for human gait recognition . Conference Proceedings of IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society , 6 : 4568 – 4571 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davidson , P. R. and Wolpert , D. M. 2005 . Widespread access to predictive models in the motor system: A short review . Journal of Neural Engineering , 2 : S313 – 319 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , B. L. and Vaughan , C. L. 1993 . Phasic behavior of EMG signals during gait: Use of multivariate statistics . Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology , 3 : 51 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deluzio , K. J. , Wyss , U. P. , Zee , B. , Costigan , P. A. and Sorbie , C. 1997 . Principal component models of knee kinematics and kinetics: Normal vs. pathological gait patterns . Human Movement Science , 16 : 201 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominici , N. , Ivanenko , Y. P. , Cappellini , G. , Zampagni , M. L. and Lacquaniti , F. 2010 . Kinematic strategies in newly walking toddlers stepping over different support surfaces . Journal of Neurophysiology , 103 : 1673 – 1684 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enderle , J. D. and Wolfe , J. W. 1988 . Frequency response analysis of human saccadic eye movements: Estimation of stochastic muscle forces . Computers in Biology and Medicine , 18 : 195 – 219 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer , S. F. , Halliday , D. M. , Conway , B. A. , Stephens , J. A. and Rosenberg , J. R. 1997 . A review of recent applications of cross-correlation methodologies to human motor unit recording . Journal of Neuroscience Methods , 74 : 175 – 187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanders , M. 2011 . What is the biological basis of sensorimotor integration? . Biological Cybernetics , 104 : 1 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gawthrop , P. , Loram , I. , Lakie , M. and Gollee , H. 2011 . Intermittent control: A computational theory of human control . Biological Cybernetics , 104 : 31 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentner , R. , Gorges , S. , Weise , D. , Kampe , K. A. , Buttmann , M. and Classen , J. 2010 . Encoding of motor skill in the corticomuscular system of musicians . Current Biology , 20 : 1869 – 1874 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giszter , S. F. , Hart , C. B. and Silfies , S. P. 2010 . Spinal cord modularity: Evolution, development, and optimization and the possible relevance to low back pain in man . Experimental Brain Research , 200 : 283 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halaki , M. , O’Dwyer , N. and Cathers , I. 2006 . Systematic nonlinear relations between displacement amplitude and joint mechanics at the human wrist . Journal of Biomechanics , 39 : 2171 – 2182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingram , J. N. , Kording , K. P. , Howard , I. S. and Wolpert , D. M. 2008 . The statistics of natural hand movements . Experimental Brain Research , 188 : 223 – 236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivanenko , Y. P. , Cappellini , G. , Dominici , N. , Poppele , R. E. and Lacquaniti , F. 2007 . Modular control of limb movements during human locomotion . Journal of Neuroscience , 27 : 11149 – 11161 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivanenko , Y. P. , d’Avella , A. , Poppele , R. E. and Lacquaniti , F. 2008 . On the origin of planar covariation of elevation angles during human locomotion . Journal of Neurophysiology , 99 : 1890 – 1898 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivanenko , Y. P. , Poppele , R. E. and Lacquaniti , F. 2004 . Five basic muscle activation patterns account for muscle activity during human locomotion . Journal of Physiology , 556 : 267 – 282 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerde , T. E. , Soechting , J. F. and Flanders , M. 2003 . Biological constraints simplify the recognition of hand shapes . IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering , 50 : 265 – 269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolliffe , I. T. 2004 . Principal component analysis () , 2nd ed. , New York , NY : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Kearney , R. E. and Hunter , I. W. 1982 . Dynamics of human ankle stiffness: Variation with displacement amplitude . Journal of Biomechanics , 15 : 753 – 756 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelso , J. A. , Putnam , C. A. and Goodman , D. 1983 . On the space-time structure of human interlimb co-ordination . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A , 35 : 347 – 375 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klous , M. , Danna-dos-Santos , A. and Latash , M. L. 2010 . Multi-muscle synergies in a dual postural task: Evidence for the principle of superposition . Experimental Brain Research , 202 : 457 – 471 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnamoorthy , V. , Latash , M. L. , Scholz , J. P. and Zatsiorsky , V. M. 2004 . Muscle modes during shifts of the center of pressure by standing persons: Effect of instability and additional support . Experimental Brain Research , 157 : 18 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krouchev , N. , Kalaska , J. F. and Drew , T. 2006 . Sequential activation of muscle synergies during locomotion in the intact cat as revealed by cluster analysis and direct decomposition . Journal of Neurophysiology , 96 : 1991 – 2010 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwatny , E. , Thomas , D. H. and Kwatny , H. G. 1970 . An application of signal processing techniques to the study of myoelectric signals . IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering , 17 : 303 – 313 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacquaniti , F. , Soechting , J. F. and Terzuolo , S. A. 1986 . Path constraints on point-to-point arm movements in three-dimensional space . Neuroscience , 17 : 313 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latash , M. L. , Gorniak , S. and Zatsiorsky , V. M. 2008 . Hierarchies of synergies in human movements . Kinesiology (Zagreb) , 40 : 29 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latash , M. L. , Scholz , J. P. and Schoner , G. 2002 . Motor control strategies revealed in the structure of motor variability . Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews , 30 : 26 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lay , B. S. , Sparrow , W. A. , Hughes , K. M. and O’Dwyer , N. J. 2002 . Practice effects on coordination and control, metabolic energy expenditure, and muscle activation . Human Movement Science , 21 : 807 – 830 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loram , I. D. , Gollee , H. , Lakie , M. and Gawthrop , P. J. 2011 . Human control of an inverted pendulum: Is continuous control necessary? Is intermittent control effective? Is intermittent control physiological? . Journal of Physiology , 589 : 307 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mah , C. D. , Hulliger , M. , Lee , R. G. and O’Callaghan , I. S. 1994 . Quantitative-analysis of human movement synergies: Constructive pattern-analysis for gait . Journal of Motor Behavior , 26 : 83 – 102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mah , C. D. , Hulliger , M. , O’Callaghan , I. S. and Lee , R. G. 1999 . Quantitative kinematics of gait patterns during the recovery period after stroke . Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases , 8 : 312 – 329 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mason , C. R. , Gomez , J. E. and Ebner , T. J. 2001 . Hand synergies during reach-to-grasp . Journal of Neurophysiology , 86 : 2896 – 2910 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason , C. R. , Theverapperuma , L. S. , Hendrix , C. M. and Ebner , T. J. 2004 . Monkey hand postural synergies during reach-to-grasp in the absence of vision of the hand and object . Journal of Neurophysiology , 91 : 2826 – 2837 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merkle , L. A. , Layne , C. S. , Bloomberg , J. J. and Zhang , J. J. 1998 . Using factor analysis to identify neuromuscular synergies during treadmill walking . Journal of Neuroscience Methods , 82 : 207 – 214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muceli , S. , Boye , A. T. , d’Avella , A. and Farina , D. 2010 . Identifying representative synergy matrices for describing muscular activation patterns during multidirectional reaching in the horizontal plane . Journal of Neurophysiology , 103 : 1532 – 1542 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neilson , P. D. 1972 . Speed of response or bandwidth of voluntary system controlling elbow position in intact man . Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing , 10 : 450 – 459 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neilson , P. D. , Neilson , M. D. and O’Dwyer , N. J. 1988 . Internal models and intermittency: A theoretical account of human tracking behavior . Biological Cybernetics , 58 : 101 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neilson , P. D. , O’Dwyer , N. J. and Neilson , M. D. 1988 . Stochastic prediction in pursuit tracking: An experimental test of adaptive model theory . Biological Cybernetics , 58 : 113 – 122 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Dwyer , N. , Rattanaprasert , U. and Smith , R. 2001 . “ Quantification of coordination in human walking ” . In From basic motor control to functional recovery II , Edited by: Gantchev , N. 107 – 119 . Sofia , , Bulgaria : Academic Publishing House .
   Google Scholar
• Olree , K. S. and Vaughan , C. L. 1995 . Fundamental patterns of bilateral muscle activity in human locomotion . Biological Cybernetics , 73 : 409 – 414 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overduin , S. A. , d’Avella , A. , Roh , J. and Bizzi , E. 2008 . Modulation of muscle synergy recruitment in primate grasping . Journal of Neuroscience , 28 : 880 – 892 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oytam , Y. , Neilson , P. D. and O’Dwyer , N. J. 2005 . Degrees of freedom and motor planning in purposive movement . Human Movement Science , 24 : 710 – 730 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , J. , Zatsiorsky , V. M. and Latash , M. L. 2010 . Optimality vs. variability: An example of multi-finger redundant tasks . Experimental Brain Research , 207 : 119 – 132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partridge , L. D. 1965 . Modifications of neural output signals by muscles: A frequency response study . Journal of Applied Physiology , 20 : 150 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng , G. C. , Hain , T. C. and Peterson , B. W. 1996 . A dynamical model for reflex activated head movements in the horizontal plane . Biological Cybernetics , 75 : 309 – 319 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perreault , E. J. , Chen , K. , Trumbower , R. D. and Lewis , G. 2008 . Interactions with compliant loads alter stretch reflex gains but not intermuscular coordination . Journal of Neurophysiology , 99 : 2101 – 2113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pesyna , C. , Pundi , K. and Flanders , M. 2011 . Coordination of hand shape . Journal of Neuroscience , 31 : 3757 – 3765 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen , T. H. , Willerslev-Olsen , M. , Conway , B. A and Nielsen , J. B. 2012 . The motor cortex drives the muscles during walking in human subjects . Journal of Physiology , 590 : 2443 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porges , S. W. , Bohrer , R. E. , Cheung , M. N. , Drasgow , F. , McCabe , P. M. and Keren , G. 1980 . New time-series statistic for detecting rhythmic co-occurrence in the frequency domain: The weighted coherence and its application to psychophysiological research . Psychological Bulletin , 88 : 580 – 587 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saltiel , P. , Wyler-Duda , K. , D’Avella , A. , Tresch , M. C. and Bizzi , E. 2001 . Muscle synergies encoded within the spinal cord: Evidence from focal intraspinal NMDA iontophoresis in the frog . Journal of Neurophysiology , 85 : 605 – 619 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santello , M. , Flanders , M. and Soechting , J. F. 1998 . Postural hand synergies for tool use . Journal of Neuroscience , 18 : 10105 – 10115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholz , J. P. and Schoner , G. 1999 . The uncontrolled manifold concept: Identifying control variables for a functional task . Experimental Brain Research , 126 : 289 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shim , J. K. , Latash , M. L. and Zatsiorsky , V. M. 2003 . Prehension synergies: Trial-to-trial variability and hierarchical organization of stable performance . Experimental Brain Research , 152 : 173 – 184 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , R. , Rattanaprasert , U. and O’Dwyer , N. 2001 . Coordination of the ankle joint complex during walking . Human Movement Science , 20 : 447 – 460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soechting , J. F. , Lacquaniti , F. and Terzuolo , C. A. 1986 . Coordination of arm movements in three-dimensional space. Sensorimotor mapping during drawing movement . Neuroscience , 17 : 295 – 311 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stins , J. F. , Roerdink , M. and Beek , P. J. 2011 . To freeze or not to freeze? Affective and cognitive perturbations have markedly different effects on postural control . Human Movement Science , 30 : 190 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , J. S. , Corcos , D. M. and Hasan , Z. 2005 . Kinematic and kinetic constraints on arm, trunk, and leg segments in target-reaching movements . Journal of Neurophysiology , 93 : 352 – 364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ting , L. H. and Macpherson , J. M. 2005 . A limited set of muscle synergies for force control during a postural task . Journal of Neurophysiology , 93 : 609 – 613 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todorov , E. and Ghahramani , Z. 2004 . Analysis of the synergies underlying complex hand manipulation . Conference Proceedings of IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society , 6 : 4637 – 4640 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Todorov , E. and Jordan , M. I. 2002 . Optimal feedback control as a theory of motor coordination . Nature Neuroscience , 5 : 1226 – 1235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres-Oviedo , G. and Ting , L. H. 2010 . Subject-specific muscle synergies in human balance control are consistent across different biomechanical contexts . Journal of Neurophysiology , 103 : 3084 – 3098 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tresch , M. C. , Cheung , V. C. and d’Avella , A. 2006 . Matrix factorization algorithms for the identification of muscle synergies: Evaluation on simulated and experimental data sets . Journal of Neurophysiology , 95 : 2199 – 2212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tresch , M. C. , Saltiel , P. and Bizzi , E. 1999 . The construction of movement by the spinal cord . Nature Neuroscience , 2 : 162 – 167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vargas-Irwin , C. E. , Shakhnarovich , G. , Yadollahpour , P. , Mislow , J. M. K. , Black , M. J. and Donoghue , J. P. 2010 . Decoding complete reach and grasp actions from local primary motor cortex populations . Journal of Neuroscience , 30 : 9659 – 9669 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , E. J. and Flanders , M. 2004 . Muscular and postural synergies of the human hand . Journal of Neurophysiology , 92 : 523 – 535 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter , D. A. 1989 . “ Coordination of motor tasks in human gait ” . In Perspectives on the coordination of movement , Edited by: Wallace , S. A. 329 – 363 . Amsterdam , , the Netherlands : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Winter , D. A. 1990 . Biomechanics and motor control of human movement () , 2nd ed. , New York , NY : Wiley-Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Winter , D. A. and Patla , A. E. 1997 . Signal processing and linear systems for the movement sciences , Waterloo , , Canada : Waterloo Biomechanics .
   Google Scholar
• Wootten , M. E. , Kadaba , M. P. and Cochran , G. V. 1990 . Dynamic electromyography. I. Numerical representation using principal component analysis . Journal of Orthopaedic Research , 8 : 247 – 258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , G. and Cavanagh , P. R. 1995 . ISB recommendations for standardization in the reporting of kinematic data . Journal of Biomechanics , 28 : 1257 – 1261 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , G. , Siegler , S. , Allard , P. , Kirtley , C. , Leardini , A. , Rosenbaum , D. and Stokes , H. 2002 . ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion, part 1: Ankle, hip, and spine . Journal of Biomechanics , 35 : 543 – 548 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wuebbenhorst , K. and Zschorlich , V. 2011 . Effects of muscular activation patterns on the ankle joint stabilization: An investigation under different degrees of freedom . Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology , 21 : 340 – 347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zago , M. , McIntyre , J. , Senot , P. and Lacquaniti , F. 2009 . Visuo-motor coordination and internal models for object interception . Experimental Brain Research , 192 : 571 – 604 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajac , F. E. 1993 . Muscle coordination of movement: A perspective . Journal of Biomechanics , 26 : 109 – 124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatsiorsky , V. M. and Latash , M. L. 2004 . Prehension synergies . Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews , 32 : 75 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar