7,148
Views
29
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Focus of Attention in Children's Motor Learning: Examining the Role of Age and Working Memory

, &
Pages 527-534 | Received 14 Sep 2015, Accepted 01 Jan 2016, Published online: 24 Jun 2016

REFERENCES

  • Abdollahipour, R., Wulf, G., Psotta, R., & Nieto, M. P. (2015). Performance of gymnastics skill benefits from an external focus of attention. Journal of Sports Sciences. 33, 1807–1813.
  • Alloway, T. P. (2007). Manual automatized working memory assessment. Oxford, England: Pearson.
  • Bowerman, B. L., & O'Connell, R. T. (1990). Linear statistical models: An applied approach (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Duxbury.
  • Buszard, T., Farrow, D., Reid, M., & Masters, R. S. W. (2014). Scaling sporting equipment for children promotes implicit processes during performance. Consciousness and Cognition, 30, 247–255.
  • Buszard, T., Farrow, D., Zhu, F. F., & Masters, R. S. W. (2013). Examining movement specific reinvestment and working memory capacity in adults and children. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 44, 351–366.
  • Chatterjee, S., & Hadi, A. S. (1986). Influential observations, high leverage points, and outliers in linear regression. Statistical Science, 1, 379–393.
  • Chiviacowsky, S., Wulf, G., & Ávila, L. T. G. (2013). An external focus of attention enhances motor learning in children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 57, 627–634.
  • Chow, J. Y., Koh, M., Davids, K., Button, C., & Rein, R. (2014). Effects of different instructional constraints on task performance and emergence of coordination in children. European Journal of Sport Science. 14, 224–232.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
  • Durbin, J., & Watson, G. S. (1951). Testing for serial correlation in least squares regression, II. Biometrika, 30, 159–178.
  • Emanuel, M., Jarus, T., & Bart, O. (2008). Effect of focus of attention and age on motor acquisition, retention, and transfer: A randomized trial. Phys Ther, 88(2), 251–260.
  • Gathercole, S. E., Pickering, S. J., Ambridge, B., & Wearing, H. (2004). The structure of working memory from 4 to 15 years of age. Developmental Psychology, 40, 177–190. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.2.177
  • Hadler, R., Chiviacowsky, S., Wulf, G., & Schild, J. F. G. (2014). Children's learning of tennis skills is facilitated by external focus instructions. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, 20, 418–422.
  • Hernandez, A. E., & Li, P. (2007). Age of acquisition: Its neural and computational mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 638–650.
  • Hernandez, A. E., Matteralla-Micke, Redding, R. W. T., Woods, E. A., & Beilock, S. (2011). Age of acquisition in sport: Starting early matters. The American Journal of Psychology, 124, 253–260.
  • Kal, E. C., van der Kamp, J., & Houdijk, H. (2013). External attention focus enhances movement automatization: A comprehensive test of the constrained action hypothesis. Human Movement Science, 32, 527–539.
  • Kal, E. C., Van der Kamp, J., Houdijk, H., Groet, E., Van Bennekom, C., & Scherder, E. J. A. (2015). Stay focused! The effects of internal and external focus of attention on movement automaticity in patients with stroke. PLoS One, 10(8), e0136917. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136917
  • Kasper, R. W., Elliott, J. C., & Giesbrecht, B. (2012). Multiple measures of visual attention predict novice motor skill performance when attention is focused externally. Human Movement Science, 31, 1161–1174.
  • Liao, C. M., & Masters, R. S. W., (2001). Analogy learning: A means to implicit learning. Journal of Sport Sciences, 19, 307–319.
  • Lohse, K. R., Sherwood, D. E., & Healy, A. F. (2010). How changing the focus of attention affects performance, kinematics, and electromyography in dart throwing. Human Movement Science, 29, 542–555.
  • Masters, R. S. W., van der Kamp, J., & Capio, C. (2013). Implicit motor learning by children. In J. Côté & R. Lidor (Eds.), Conditions of children's talent development in sport (pp. 21–40). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
  • Maurer, H, & Munzert, J. (2013). Influence of attentional focus on skilled motor performance: Performance decrement under unfamiliar focus conditions. Human Movement Science, 32, 730–740.
  • Myers, R. (1990). Classical and modern regression with applications (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Duxbury.
  • Poolton, J. M., Maxwell, J. P., Masters, R. S. W., & Raab, M. (2006). Benefits of an external focus of attention: Common coding or conscious processing? Journal of Sport Sciences, 24, 89–99. doi:10.1080/02640410500130854
  • Schlesinger, M., Porter, J. M., & Russell, R. (2012). An external focus of attention enhances manual tracking of occluded and visible targets. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 591.
  • Sherwood, D. E., Lohse, K. R., & Healy, A. F. (2014). Judging joint angles and movement outcome: Shifting the focus of attention in dart-throwing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40, 1903–1914. doi:10.1037/a0037187.
  • Thorn, J. E. (2006). Using attentional strategies for balance performance and learning in nine through 12 year olds. Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations, Paper 1423.
  • Van Abswoude, F., & Santos-Vieira, B., van der Kamp, J., & Steenbergen, B. (2015). The influence of errors during practice on motor learning in young individuals with cerebral palsy. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 45–46, 353–364.
  • Van der Kamp, J., Oudejans, R. D. D., & Savelsbergh, G. J. P. (2003). The development and learning of the visual control of movement: An ecological perspective. Infant Behavior & Development, 26, 495–515.
  • Wulf, G. (2007). Attentional focus and motor learning: A review of 10 years of research. Bewegung und Training, 1, 1–11.
  • Wulf, G. (2013). Attentional focus and motor learning: a review of 15 years. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol, 6(1), 77–104.
  • Wulf, G., Höß, M., & Prinz, W. (1998). Instructions for motor learning: Differential effects of internal versus external focus of attention. Journal of Motor Behavior, 30, 169–179. doi:10.1080/00222899809601334
  • Wulf, G., Lauterbach, B., & Toole, T. (1999). The learning advantages of an external focus of attention in golf. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 70, 120–126. doi:10.1080/02701367.1999.10608029
  • Wulf, G., McNevin, N., & Shea, C. H. (2001). The automaticity of complex motor skill learning as a function of attentional focus. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54, 1143–1154. doi:10.1080/713756012
  • Wulf, G., & Prinz, W. (2001). Directing attention to movement effects enhances learning: a review. Psychon Bull Rev, 8(4), 648–660.
  • Wulf, G., & Su, J. (2007). External focus of attention enhances golf shot accuracy in beginners and experts. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 78, 384–389.