Oral Motor Abilities Are Task Dependent: A Factor Analytic Approach to Performance Rate

REFERENCES

• Adkins, D. L., Boychuk, J., Remple, M. S., & Kleim, J. A. (2006). Motor training induces experience-specific patterns of plasticity across motor cortex and spinal cord. Journal of Applied Physiology, 101, 1776–1782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arima, T., Yanagi, Y., Niddam, D. M., Ohata, N., Arendt-Nielsen, L., Minagi, S., & Svensson, P. (2011). Corticomotor plasticity induced by tongue-task training in humans: A longitudinal fMRI study. Experimental Brain Research, 212, 199–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballard, K. J., Robin, D. A., & Folkins, J. W. (2003). An integrative model of speech motor control: A response to Ziegler. Aphasiology, 17, 37–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballard, K. J., Solomon, N. P., Robin, D. A., Moon, J. B., & Folkins, J. W. (2009). Nonspeech assessment of the speech production mechanism. In M. R. McNeil (Ed.), Clinical management of sensorimotor speech disorders (2nd ed., pp. 30–45). New York, NY: Thieme Medical.
   Google Scholar
• Berken, J. A., Gracco, V. L., Chen, J.-K., & Klein, D. (2015). The timing of language learning shapes brain structure associated with articulation. Brain Structure and Function, 221, 3951–3600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boersma, P., & Weenink, D. (2013). PRAAT: Doing phonetics by computer [Computer program]. (Version Version 5.3.42). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: University of Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Brendel B., Hertrich I., Erb M., Lindner A., Riecker A., Grodd W., & Ackermann H. (2010). The contribution of mesiofrontal cortex to the preparation and execution of repetitive syllable productions: An fMRI study. Neuroimage, 50(3), 1219–30.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Connor, N. P., & Abbs, J. H. (1991). Task-dependent variations in Parkinsonian motor impairments. Brain, 114, 321–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond, S. S. (1993). Dysarthria examination battery. Tucson, AZ: Communication Skill Builders.
   Google Scholar
• Duffy, J. R. (2013). Motor speech disorders: Substrates, differential diagnosis, and management. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Health Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Enderby, P. M., & Palmer, R. (2008). Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment FDA-2 (2nd ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
   Google Scholar
• Ergun, A., & Oder, W. (2008). Oral diadochokinesis and velocity of narrative speech: A prognostic parameter for the outcome of diffuse axonal injury in severe head trauma. Brain Injury, 22, 773–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanagan, K. P., & Dembowski, J. S. (2002). Kinematics of normal lingual diadokokinesis. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 111, 2476–2476.
   Google Scholar
• Folkins, J. W., Moon, J. B., Luschei, E. S., Robin, D. A., Tye-Murray, N., & Moll, K. L. (1995). What can nonspeech tasks tell us about speech motor disabilities? Journal of Phonetics, 23, 139–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guenther, F. H., Hampson, M., & Johnson, D. (1998). A theoretical investigation of reference frames for the planning of speech movements. Psychological Review, 105, 611–633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartelius, L., Svantesson, P., Hedlund, A., Holmberg, B., Revesz, D., & Thorlin, T. (2010). Short-term effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on speech and voice in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 62, 104–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartelius, L., Svensson, P., & Bubach, A. (1993). Clinical assessment of dysarthria: Performance on a dysarthria test by normal adult subjects, and by individuals with Parkinson's disease or with multiple sclerosis. Scandinavian Journal of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, 18, 131–141.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F., & Krippendorff, K. (2007). Answering the call for a standard reliability measure for coding data. Communication Methods and Measures, 1, 77–89.
   Google Scholar
• Hickok, G., Okada, K., & Serences, J. T. (2009). Area Spt in the human planum temporale supports sensory-motor integration for speech processing. Journal of Neurophysiology, 101, 2725–2732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickok, G., & Poeppel, D. (2004). Dorsal and ventral streams: a framework for understanding aspects of the functional anatomy of language. Cognition, 92, 67–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirose, H. (1986). Pathophysiology of motor speech disorders (dysarthria). Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 38, 61–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L. t., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Icht, M., & Ben-David, B. M. (2014). Oral-diadochokinesis rates across languages: English and Hebrew norms. Journal of Communication Disorders, 48, 27–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson, F., Unger, E., Wahlgren, S., Blomstedt, P., Linder, J., Nordh, E., & van Doorn, J. (2011). Deep brain stimulation of caudal zona incerta and subthalamic nucleus in patients with Parkinson's disease: Effects on diadochokinetic rate. Parkinson's Disease, 2011, article 605607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent, R. D. (2015). Nonspeech oral movements and oral motor disorders: A Narrative review. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 24, 763–789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent, R. D., Kent, J. F., & Rosenbek, J. C. (1987). Maximum performance tests of speech production. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 52, 367–387.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kent, R. D., & Kim, Y.-J. (2003). Toward an acoustic typology of motor speech disorders. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 17, 427–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent, R. D., & Rosenbek, J. C. (1982). Prosodic disturbance and neurologic lesion. Brain and Language, 15, 259–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleim, J. A., & Jones, T. A. (2008). Principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity: Implications for rehabilitation after brain damage. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51, S225–S239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konstantopoulos, K., Charalambous, M., & Verhoeven, J. (2011). Sequential motion rates in the dysarthria of multiple sclerosis: A temporal analysis. Paper presented at the the 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Hong Kong.
   Google Scholar
• Kreul, E. J. (1972). Neuromuscular control examination (NMC) for Parkinsonism: Vowel prolongations and diadochokinetic and reading rates. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 15, 72–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liégeois, F. J., Butler, J., Morgan, A. T., Clayden, J. D., & Clark, C. A. (2015). Anatomy and lateralization of the human corticobulbar tracts: An fMRI-guided tractography study. Brain Structure and Function, 221, 3337–3345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotze, M., Seggewies, G., Erb, M., Grodd, W., & Birbaumer, N. (2000). The Representation of articulation in the primary sensorimotor cortex. Neuroreport, 11, 2985–2989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moser, D., Fridriksson, J., Bonilha, L., Healy, E. W., Baylis, G., Baker, J. M., & Rorden, C. (2009). Neural recruitment for the production of native and novel speech sounds. Neuroimage, 46, 549–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mücke, D., Becker, J., Barbe, M. T., Meister, I., Liebhart, L., Roettger, T. B., & Grice, M. (2014). The effect of deep brain stimulation on the speech motor system. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 57, 1206–1218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemeyer, W., & Beckmann, G. (1962). Ein sprachaudiometrischer Satztest [A sentence test for speech audiometry]. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 180, 742–749.
   Google Scholar
• Nishio, M., & Niimi, S. (2000). Changes over time in dysarthric patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): A study of changes in speaking rate and maximum repetition rate (MRR). Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 14, 485–497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishio, M., & Niimi, S. (2006). Comparison of speaking rate, articulation rate and alternating motion rate in dysarthric speakers. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 58, 114–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oller, D. K. (2000). The emergence of the speech capacity. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Perkell, J., Matthies, M., Lane, H., Guenther, F., Wilhmelms-Tricarico, R., Wozniak, J., & Guiod, P. (1997). Speech motor control: Acoustic goals, saturation effects, auditory feedback and internal models. Speech Communication, 22, 227–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto, S., Ferraye, M., Espesser, R., Fraix, V., Maillet, A., Guirchoum, J., & Debû, B. (2014). Stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus area in Parkinson's disease: Effects on speech and intelligibility. Brain, 137, 2759–2772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ptacek, P. H., Sander, E. K., Maloney, W. H., & Jackson, C. R. (1966). Phonatory and related changes with advanced age. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 9, 353–360.
   Google Scholar
• Riecker, A., Kassubek, J., Gröschel, K., Grodd, W., & Ackermann, H. (2006). The cerebral control of speech tempo: opposite relationship between speaking rate and BOLD signal changes at striatal and cerebellar structures. Neuroimage, 29, 46–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riecker, A., Mathiak, K., Wildgruber, D., Erb, M., Hertrich, I., Grodd, W., & Ackermann, H. (2005). fMRI reveals two distinct cerebral networks subserving speech motor control. Neurology, 64, 700–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risch, V., Staiger, A., Ziegler, W., Ott, K., Schölderle, T., Pelykh, O., & Bötzel, K. (2015). How does GPi-DBS affect speech in primary dystonia? Brain stimulation, 8, 875–880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, S. (1982). Robertson dysarthria profile. Bristol, England: Communication Skills Builders.
   Google Scholar
• Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48, 1–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saur, D., Kreher, B. W., Schnell, S., Kümmerer, D., Kellmeyer, P., Vry, M.-S., & Abel, S. (2008). Ventral and dorsal pathways for language. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 18035–18040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shea, B., Drummond, S., Metzer, W., & Krueger, K. (1993). Effect of selegiline on speech performance in Parkinson's disease. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 45, 40–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shum, M., Shiller, D. M., Baum, S. R., & Gracco, V. L. (2011). Sensorimotor integration for speech motor learning involves the inferior parietal cortex. European Journal of Neuroscience, 34, 1817–1822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidtis, J. J., Gomez, C., Groshong, A., Strother, S. C., & Rottenberg, D. A. (2006). Mapping cerebral blood flow during speech production in hereditary ataxia. Neuroimage, 31, 246–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidtis, J. J., Strother, S. C., & Rottenberg, D. A. (2003). Predicting performance from functional imaging data: methods matter. Neuroimage, 20, 615–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha, P., Vandana, V., Lewis, N. V., Jayaram, M., & Enderby, P. (2015). Evaluating the effect of risperidone on speech: A cross-sectional study. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 15, 51–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sörös, P., Bose, A., Sokoloff, L. G., Graham, S. J., & Stuss, D. T. (2011). Age-related changes in the functional neuroanatomy of overt speech production. Neurobiology of Aging, 32, 1505–1513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson, P., Romaniello, A., Arendt-Nielsen, L., & Sessle, B. J. (2003). Plasticity in corticomotor control of the human tongue musculature induced by tongue-task training. Experimental Brain Research, 152, 42–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takai, O., Brown, S., & Liotti, M. (2010). Representation of the speech effectors in the human motor cortex: Somatotopy or overlap?. Brain and Language, 113, 39–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiffany, W. R. (1980). The effects of syllable structure on diadochokinetic and reading rates. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 23, 894–908.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjaden, K., & Watling, E. (2003). Characteristics of diadochokinesis in multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 55, 241–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. T., Kent, R. D., Duffy, J. R., Thomas, J. E., & Weismer, G. (2004). Alternating motion rate as an index of speech motor disorder in traumatic brain injury. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 18, 57–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, J. E., Wise, R. J., & Warren, J. D. (2005). Sounds do-able: Auditory–motor transformations and the posterior temporal plane. Trends in Neurosciences, 28, 636–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weismer, G. (2006). Philosophy of research in motor speech disorders. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 20, 315–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weismer, G., Yunusova, Y., & Bunton, K. (2012). Measures to evaluate the effects of DBS on speech production. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 25, 74–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessel, K., Hermsdörfer, J., Deger, K., Herzog, T., Huss, G. P., Kömpf, D., & Ziegler, W. (1995). Double-blind crossover study with levorotatory form of hydroxytryptophan in patients with degenerative cerebellar diseases. Archives of Neurology, 52, 451–455.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Westbury, J., & Dembowski, J. (1993). Articulatory kinematics of normal diadochokinetic performance. Annual Bulletin of the Research Institute of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, 27, 13–36.
   Google Scholar
• Wildgruber, D., Ackermann, H., & Grodd, W. (2001). Differential contributions of motor cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum to speech motor control: Effects of syllable repetition rate evaluated by fMRI. Neuroimage, 13, 101–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wildgruber, D., Ackermann, H., Klose, U., Kardatzki, B., & Grodd, W. (1996). Functional lateralization of speech production at primary motor cortex: A fMRI study. Neuroreport, 7, 2791–2796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittenburg, P., Brugman, H., Russel, A., Klassmann, A., & Sloetjes, H. (2006). ELAN: a professional framework for multimodality research. Paper presented at the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation.
   Google Scholar
• Xie, Y., Zhang, Y., Zheng, Z., Liu, A., Wang, X., Zhuang, P., & Wang, X. (2011). Changes in speech characters of patients with Parkinson's disease after bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation. Journal of Voice, 25, 751–758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler, W. (2002). Task-related factors in oral motor control: Speech and oral diadochokinesis in dysarthria and apraxia of speech. Brain and Language, 80, 556–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler, W. (2003a). Speech motor control is task-specific: evidence form dysarthria and apraxia of speech. Aphasiology, 17, 3–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler, W. (2003b). To speak or not to speak: Distinctions between speech and nonspeech motor control. Aphasiology, 17, 99–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler, W., & Ackermann, H. (2014). Neural bases of phonological and articulatory processing. In V. Ferreira, M. Goldrick, & M. Miozzo (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language production (pp. 275–291). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ziegler, W., Staiger, A., Schölderle, T., & Vogel, M. (submitted). Standardized dysarthria assessment using auditory-perceptual evaluation of speech: Reliability and construct validity of the Bogenhausen Dysarthria Scales (BoDyS). Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research.
   Google Scholar
• Ziegler, W., & Wessel, K. (1996). Speech timing in ataxic disorders: Sentence production and rapid repetitive articulation. Neurology, 47, 208–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar