Can the Transitions To and From Running and the Metabolic Cost of Running Be Determined From the Kinetic Energy of Running?

References

• Alexander , R. M. 1989 . Optimization and gaits in the locomotion of vertebrates. . Physiological Review , 69 : 1199 – 1227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander , R. M. 1992a . Exploring biomechanics: Animals in motion , New York : W. H. Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Alexander , R. M. 1992b . The human machine , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Arnold , V. I. 1989 . Mathematical methods of classical mechanics , New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Beuter , A. and Lalonde , F. 1989 . Analysis of a phase transition in human locomotion using singularity theory. . Neuroscience Research Communications , 3 : 127 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Bridgeman , P. W. 1922 . Dimensional analysis , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Caldwell , G. E. and Forrester , L. W. 1992 . Estimates of mechanical work and energy transfers: Demonstration of a rigid body power model of the recovery leg in gait. . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 24 : 1396 – 1412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavagna , G. A. , Heglund , N. C. and Taylor , C. R. 1977 . Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: Two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure. . American Journal of Physiology , 233 : R243 – R261 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavagna , G. A. and Kaneko , M. 1977 . Mechanics, work and efficiency in level walking and running. . Journal of Physiology (London) , 268 : 647 – 681 .
   Google Scholar
• Chapman , A. E. , Caldwell , G. E. , Herring , R. M. , Lonergan , R. M. and Selbie , S. W. 1987 . “ Mechanical energy and the preferred style of running ” . In Biomechanics X‐B , Edited by: Jonsson , B. 875 – 879 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Dempster , W. T. 1955 . Space requirements of the seated operator , Washington, DC : US Air Force . Tech. Rep. No. 55–159
   Google Scholar
• Diedrich , F. J. and Warren , W. H. Jr. The dynamics of human locomotion: Hysteresis at the walk‐run transition . Poster session at the 25th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience . San Diego, CA
   Google Scholar
• Diedrich , F. J. and Warren , W. H. Jr. 1995b . Why change gaits? Dynamics of the walk‐run transition. . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 21 : 183 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diedrich , F. J. and Warren , W. H. Jr. 1998 . “ Dynamics of human gait transitions ” . In Timing of behavior: Neural, computational, and psychological perspectives , Edited by: Rosenbaum , D. A. and Collyer , C. E. 323 – 344 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Falls , H. B. and Humphrey , L. D. 1976 . Energy cost of running and walking in young women. . Medicine and Science in Sports , 5 : 9 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Farley , C. T. and Taylor , C. R. 1991 . A mechanical trigger for the trot‐gallop transition in horses. . Science , 253 : 306 – 308 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Full , R. J. 1989 . “ Mechanics and energetics of terrestrial locomotion: Bipeds to polypeds ” . In Energy transformations in cells and organisms , Edited by: Weiser , W. and Gnaiger , E. 175 – 182 . New York : Thieme Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Gracovetsky , S. 1988 . The spinal engine , New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Hanna , A. J. , Abernethy , B. , Neal , R. J. and Plooy , A. M. Anthropometric predictors of human gait transitions . Proceedings of the first Australian biomechanics conference . Edited by: Gilleard , L. M. , Sinclair , W. , Smith , P. and Swain , R. pp. 22 – 23 . Sydney, , Australia
   Google Scholar
• Heglund , N. C. and Taylor , C. R. 1988 . Speed, stride frequency, and energy cost per stride: How do they change with body size and gait? . Journal of Experimental Biology , 138 : 301 – 318 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt , K. G. , Obusek , J. and Fonseca , S. T. 1996 . Constraints on disordered locomotion: A dynamical systems perspective on spastic cerebral palsy. . Human Movement Science , 15 : 177 – 202 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hreljac , A. 1993a . Determinants of the gait transition speed during human locomotion: Kinetic factors. . Gait & Posture , 1 : 217 – 223 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hreljac , A. 1993b . Preferred and energetically optimal gait transition speeds in human locomotion. . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 25 : 1158 – 1162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hreljac , A. 1995a . Determinants of the gait transition speed during human locomotion: Kinematic factors. . Journal of Biomechanics , 28 : 669 – 677 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hreljac , A. 1995b . Effects of physical characteristics on the gait transition speed during human locomotion. . Human Movement Science , 14 : 205 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iberall , A. S. 1995 . A physical (homeokinetic) foundation for the Gibsonian theory of perception and action. . Ecological Psychology , 7 : 37 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iberall , A. S. and Soodak , H. 1987 . “ A physics for complex systems ” . In Self‐organizing systems: The emergence of order , Edited by: Yates , F. E. 499 – 520 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• van Ingen Schenau , G. J. and Cavanagh , P. R. 1990 . Power equations in endurance sports. . Journal of Biomechanics , 23 : 865 – 881 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadar , E. , Schmidt , R. C. and Turvey , M. T. 1993 . Constants underlying frequency changes in biological rhythmic movements. . Biological Cybernetics , 68 : 421 – 430 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneko , M. 1990 . Mechanics and energetics in running with special reference to efficiency. . Journal of Biomechanics , 23 : 57 – 63 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelso , J. A. S. 1995 . Dynamic patterns , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Klein , M. 1959 . Paul Ehrenfest's collected papers , Amsterdam : North‐Holland .
   Google Scholar
• Kugler , P. N. and Turvey , M. T. 1987 . Information, natural law and the self‐assembly of rhythmic movement , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Margaria , R. 1976 . Biomechanics and energetics of muscular exercise , Oxford, , UK : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , P. E. , Heise , G. D. and Morgan , D. W. 1993 . Interrelationships between mechanical power, energy transfers, and walking and running economy. . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 25 : 508 – 515 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercier , J. , Gallais , D. , Durand , M. , Goudal , C. , Micallef , J. P. and Prefaut , C. 1994 . Energy expenditure and cardiorespiratory responses at the transition between walking and running. . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 69 : 525 – 529 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minetti , A. E. , Ardigo , L. P. and Saibene , F. 1994 . The transition between walking and running in humans: Metabolic and mechanical aspects at different gradients. . Acta Physiologica Scandinavia , 150 : 315 – 323 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Newell , K. M. 1986 . “ Constraints on the development of coordination ” . In Motor development in children: Aspects of coordination and control , Edited by: Wade , M. G. and Whiting , H. T.A. 341 – 360 . Boston : Martinus Nijhoff .
   Google Scholar
• Pennycuick , C. 1975 . On the running of the gnu (Connochtaetes taurinus) and other animals. . Journal of Experimental Biology , 63 : 775 – 799 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennycuick , C. 1992 . Newton rules biology: A physical approach to biological problems , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pierrynowski , M. R. , Winter , D. A. and Norman , R. W. 1980 . Transfers of mechanical energy within the total body and mechanical efficiency during treadmill walking. . Ergonomics , 23 : 147 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder . 1991 . Fractals, chaos, power laws , New York : W. H. Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Schwing , D. J. 1977 . Scale models in engineering , New York : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , D. 1942 . On growth and form , London : Cambridge University Press . Original work published 1917
   Google Scholar
• Turvey , M. T. , Holt , K. G. , Obusek , J. , Salo , A. and Kugler , P. N. 1996 . Adiabatic transformability hypothesis of human locomotion. . Biological Cybernetics , 74 : 107 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turvey , M. T. , Schmidt , R. C. , Rosenblum , L. and Kugler , P. N. 1988 . On the time allometry of co‐ordinated rhythmic movements. . Journal of Theoretical Biology , 130 : 285 – 325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , K. R. 1985 . The relationship between mechanical and physiological energy estimates. . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 17 : 317 – 325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter , D. A. 1979 . A new definition of mechanical work done in human movement. . Journal of Applied Physiology , 46 : 79 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates , F. E. 1982 . Outline of a physical theory of physiological systems. . Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology , 60 : 217 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatsiorsky , V. M. 1994 . Mechanical power and work in human movements: A tutorial . 18th annual meeting of the American Society of Biomechanics . October 13 1994 . Columbus, Ohio.
   Google Scholar
• Zatsiorsky , V. M. , Werner , S. and Kaimin , M. A. 1994 . Basic kinematics of walking: Step length and step frequency. A review. . Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness , 34 : 109 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar