Palpal loss, single palp copulation and obligatory mate consumption in Tidarren cuneolatum (Tullgren, 1910) (Araneae, Theridiidae)

References

• ALCOCK , J. 1998 . Animal Behavior: an Evolutionary Approach , 6th edn , 640 Sunderland, MA : Sinauer Associates . 14 +
   Google Scholar
• ANDRADE , M. C. B. 1996 . Sexual selection for male sacrifice in the Australian redback spider . Science , 271 : 70 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BERLAND , L. 1936 . Mission de M. A. Chevalier aux îles du Cap Vert (1934). 1. Araignées . Revue francaise d'entomologie, Paris , 3 : 67 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• BLANKE , R. 1972 . Untersuchungen zur Ökophysiologie und Ökethologie von Cyrtophora citricola Forskål (Araneae, Araneidae) in Andalusien . Forma et Functio , 5 : 125 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• BLANKE , R. 1974 . Untersuchungen zum Sexualverhalten von Cyrtophora cicatrosa (Stoliczka) (Araneae, Araneidae) . Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie , 37 : 62 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• BONNET , P. 1935 . Theridion tepidariorum C.L. Koch, araignée cosmopolite: répartition, cycle vital, moeurs . Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse , 68 : 335 – 386 .
   Google Scholar
• BRANCH , J. H. 1942 . A spider which amputates one of its palpi . Bulletin of the South California Academy of Science , 41 : 139 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• BRAUN , R. 1956 . Zur Biologie von Teutana triangulosa (Walck.) (Araneae: Theridiidae, Asageneae) . Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie , 159 : 255 – 318 .
   Google Scholar
• BUCKUP , E. H. and MARQUES , M. A. L. 1989 . Aranhas Theridiidae da Ilha de Maraca, Roraima, Brasil, I. Nova especie de Echinotheridion e descriçao da femea de Phoroncidia moyobamba (Araneae), Iheringia . Série Zoologia (Porto Alegre) , 69 : 123 – 129 .
   Google Scholar
• CHAMBERLIN , R. V. and IVIE , W. 1934 . A new genus of theridiid spiders in which the male develops only one palp . Bulletin of the University of Utah , 24 : 3 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• CODDINGTON , J. A. , HORMIGA , G. and SCHARFF , N. 1997 . Giant females or dwarf male spiders? . Nature , 385 : 687 – 688 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EBERHARD , W. G. 1985 . Sexual Selection and Animal Genitalia , 244 (Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press) .
   Google Scholar
• ELGAR , M. A. 1998 . “ Sperm competition and sexual selection in spiders and other arachnids ” . In Sperm Competition and Sexual Selection , Edited by: Birkhead , T. R. and Møller , A. P. 307 – 339 . San Diego, Toronto : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• FORSTER , L. M. 1992 . The stereotyped behaviour of sexual cannibalism in Latrodectus hasselti Thorell (Araneae: Theridiidae): the Australian redback spider . Australian Journal of Zoology , 40 : 1 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FORSTER , R. R. 1959 . The spiders of the family Symphytognathidae . Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 86 : 269 – 329 .
   Google Scholar
• FORSTER , R. R. , PLATNICK , N. I. and CODDINGTON , J. 1990 . A proposal and review of the spider family Synotaxidae (Araneae, Araneoidea), with notes on theridiid interrelationships . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 193 : 1 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• GERHARDT , U. 1928 . Biologische Studien an griechischen, corsischen und deutschen Spinnen . Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere , 10 : 576 – 675 .
   Google Scholar
• GERTSCH , W. J. 1955 . The North American bolas spiders of the genera Mastophora and Agatostichus . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 106 : 225 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• GONZALEZ , A. 1982 . El desarollo postembrionario de Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) (Araneae, Theridiidae) . Physis, Seccion C, Los continentes y los organismos terrestres , 41 ( 100 ) : 87 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• GRASSHOFF , M. 1964 . Die Kreuzspinne Araneus pallidus — ihr Netzbau und ihre Paarungsbiologie . Natur und Museum , 94 : 305 – 314 .
   Google Scholar
• GRUIA , M. 1977 . “ Sur quelques Theridiidae et Symphytognathidae (Aranea) recueillis par la deuxième expédition biospéologique cubano-roumaine à Cuba ” . In Résultats des Expeditions Biospéologiques Cubano-Roumaines à Cuba 159 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• HUBER , B. A. and SENGLET , A. 1997 . Copulation with contralateral insertion in entelegyne spiders (Araneae: Entelegynae: Tetragnathidae) . Netherlands Journal of Zoology , 47 : 99 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• KASTON , B. J. 1970 . Comparative biology of American black widow spiders . Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History , 16 : 33 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• KNOFLACH , B. 1994 . Zur Genitalmorphologie und Biologie der Crustulina-Arten Europas (Arachnida: Araneae, Theridiidae) . Mitteilungen der schweizerischen entomologischen Gesellschaft , 67 : 327 – 346 .
   Google Scholar
• KNOFLACH , B. 1998 . Mating in Theridion varians Hahn and related species (Araneae: Theridiidae) . Journal of Natural History , 32 : 545 – 604 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEVI , H. W. 1955 . The spider genera Chrysso and Tidarren in America (Araneae: Theridiidae) . Journal ofthe New York Entomological Society , 63 : 59 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• LEVI , H. W. 1963 . American spiders of the genus Achaearanea and the new genus Echinotheridion (Araneae, Theridiidae) . Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology , 129 : 187 – 240 . figures 1–126
   Google Scholar
• LEVI , H. W. 1980 . The male of Echinotheridion (Araneae: Theridiidae) . Psyche , 87 : 177 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• LEVI , H. W. and LEVI , L. R. 1962 . The genera of the spider family Theridiidae . Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology , 127 : 1 – 71 . figures 1-334
   Google Scholar
• LEVY , G. 1998 . Fauna Palaestina. Arachnida III. Araneae: Theridiidae , 227 Jerusalem : The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities .
   Google Scholar
• MIYASHITA , K. 1987 . Development and egg sac production of Achaearanea tepidariorum (C.L. Koch) (Araneae, Theridiidae) under long and short photoperiods . The Journal of Arachnology , 15 : 51 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PLATNICK , N. I. 1993 . Advances in Spider Taxonomy 1988-1991. With Synonymies and Transfers 1940–1980 , 846 New York : New York Entomological Society .
   Google Scholar
• PLATNICK , N. I. 1997 . Advances in Spider Taxonomy 1992–1995. With Redescriptions 1940–1980 , 976 New York : New York Entomological Society .
   Google Scholar
• ROBINSON , M. H. and ROBINSON , B. 1980 . Comparative studies of the courtship and mating behavior of tropical araneid spiders . Pacific Insects Monographs , 36 : 1 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• ROTH , V. and ROTH , B. 1984 . A review of appendotomy of spiders and other arachnids . Bulletin ofthe British Arachnological Society , 6 : 137 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• SAARISTO , M. I. 1978 . Spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) from the Seychelle Islands, with notes on taxonomy . Annales Zoologici Fennici , 15 : 99 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHMIDT , G. 1956 . Durch canarische Bananen eingeschleppte Spinnen . Zoologischer Anzeiger , 157 : 140 – 153 .
   Google Scholar
• SCHMIDT , G. 1957 . Zur Spinnenfauna der aus Belgisch-Congo eingeführten Bananen . Zoologischer Anzeiger , 158 : 280 – 284 .
   Google Scholar
• SCHMIDT , G. Beobachtung einer Kopulation zwischen Spinnen zweier Gattungen . Verhandlungen 8. Internationaler Arachnologen-Kongre β . 1980 , Wien. pp. 229 – 232 .
   Google Scholar
• TULLGREN , A. 1910 . Arachnoidea 6. Araneae . Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905–1906 (Stockholm) , 3 ( 20 ) : 85 – 172 . Taf. 1-4
   Google Scholar
• VOLLRATH , F. 1998 . Dwarf males and sedentary females . Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 13 : 159 – 163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WATSON , P. J. 1993 . Foraging advantage of polyandry for female sierra dome spiders (Linyphia litigiosa: Linyphiidae) and assessment of alternative direct benefit hypotheses . The American Naturalist , 141 : 440 – 465 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WIEHLE , H. 1934 . Zur Morphologie und Biologie einer paläarktischen Lithyphantes-Art (L. gerhardti sp.nov.) . Zoologischer Anzeiger , 106 : 71 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• WIEHLE , H. 1937 . Spinnentieie oder Arachnoidea, VIII. 26. Familie, Theridiidae oder Haubennetzspinnen (Kugelspinnen) . Tierwelt Deutschlands , 33 : 119 – 222 .
   Google Scholar
• WHITEHEAD , W. F. and REMPEL , J. G. 1959 . A study of the musculature of the black widow spider, Latrodectus mactans (Fabr) . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 37 : 831 – 870 .
   Google Scholar
• WUNDERLICH , J. 1987 . Die Spinnen der Kanarischen Inseln und Madeiras , 435 Langen : Triops-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• WUNDERLICH , J. 1992 . Die Spinnen-Fauna der makaronesischen Inseln , 619 Straubenhardt Verlag J. Wunderlich .
   Google Scholar
• YOWARD , P. and OXFORD , G. 1996 . Single palp usage during copulation in spiders . Newsletter of the British Arachnological Society , 77 : 8 – 9 .
   Google Scholar