Microhabitat use and intraspecific associations in the whip spider Heterophrynus longicornis (Arachnida: Amblypygi) in forest fragments formed by the Tucuruí Dam lake, Pará, Brazil

References

• Adis , J , Bonaldo , AB , Brescovit , AD , Bertani , R , Cokendolpher , J , Condé , B , Kury , AB , Lourenço , WR , Mahnert , V , Pinto-da-Rocha , R , Platnick , NI , Reddell , JR , Rheims , CA , Rocha , LS , Rowland , JM , Weygoldt , P and Woas , S. 2002 . The Arachnida at “Reserva Ducke”, Central Amazonia, Brazil . Amazoniana. , XVII ( 1/2 ) : 1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Alexander , AJ. 1962 . Biology and behavior of Damon variegates Perty of South Africa and Admetus barbadensis Pocock of Trinidad, W.I. (Arachnida, Pedipalpi) . Zoologica. , 47 : 25 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Barlow , J , Gardner , TA , Araujo , IS , Ávila-Pires , TA , Bonaldo , AB , Costa , JE , Esposito , MC , Ferreira , LV , Hawes , J , Hernandez , MIM , Hoogmoed , MS , Leite , RN , Lo-Man-Hung , NF , Malcolm , JR , Martins , MB , Mestre , LAM , Miranda-Santos , R , Nunes-Gutjahr , AL , Overal , WL , Parry , L , Peters , SL , Ribeiro-Junior , MA , Silva-Motta , C , da Silva , MNF and Peres , CA. 2007 . Quantifying the biodiversity value of tropical primary, secondary, and plantation forests . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. , 104 ( 47 ) : 18555 – 18560 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow , J , Mestre , AM , Gardner , TA and Peres , CA. 2007 . The value of primary, secondary, and plantation forests for Amazonian birds . Biol Cons. , 126 : 212 – 231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloch , CP and Weiss , L. 2002 . Distribution and abundance of the Whip spider Phrynus longipes (Arachnida: Amblypygi) in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico: response to natural and anthropogenic disturbance . Car J Sci. , 38 : 260 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolger , DT , Suarez , AV , Crook , KR , Morrison , SA and Case , TJ. 2000 . Arthropods in urban habitat fragments in southern California: area, age, and edge effects . Ecol Appl , 10 ( 4 ) : 1230 – 1248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bragagnolo , C , Nogueira , AA , Pinto-da-Rocha , R and Pardini , R. 2007 . Harvestmen in an Atlantic forest fragmented landscape: Evaluating assemblage response to habitat quality and quantity . Biol Cons. , 139 : 389 – 400 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho , LS , Oliveira-Marques , FN and Silva , PRR. 2011 . Arachnida, Amblypygi, Heterophrynus longicornis (Butler, 1873): Distribution extension for the state of Piauí northeastern Brazil . Check List. , 7 ( 3 ) : 267 – 269 .
   Google Scholar
• Churchill , TB. 1997 . Spiders as ecological indicators: an overview for Australia . Mem Mus Victoria. , 56 ( 2 ) : 331 – 337 .
   Google Scholar
• Clausen , IHS. 1986 . The use of spiders (Araneae) as ecological indicators . Bull Brit Arach Soc. , 7 ( 3 ) : 83 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Crist , TO , Pradhan-Devare , SV and Summerville , KS. 2005 . Spatial variation in insect community and species responses to habitat loss and plant community composition . Oecologia. , 147 : 510 – 521 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dias , SC and Machado , G. 2006 . Microhabitat use by the whip spider Heterophrynus longicornis (Amblypygi, Phrynidae) in Central Amazon . J Arach. , 34 : 540 – 544 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Didham , RK. 1997 . “ The influence of edge effects and forests fragmentation on leaf-litter invertebrates in Central Amazon ” . In Tropical forest remnants: ecology, management, and conservation of fragmented communities , Edited by: Laurance , WF and Bierregaard , RO JR . 55 – 70 . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dippenaar-Schoeman , AS and Harris , R. 2005 . Food storage by a wandering ground spider (Araneae, Ammoxenidae, Ammoxenus) . J Arach. , 33 : 850 – 851 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dippenaar-Schoeman , AS , Jager , M and Van den Berg , A. 1996 . Behaviour and biology of two species of termite-eating spiders, Ammoxenus amphalodes and A. pentheri (Araneae: Ammoxenidae), in South Africa. Afri . Plant Prot. , 2 : 15 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Duelli , P , Studer , M , Marchand , I and Jacob , S. 1990 . Population movements of artropods between natural and cultivated areas . Biol Cons. , 54 : 193 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eletronorte . 1989 . Usina Hidrelétrica de Tucuruí. Plano de utilização do reservatório. Programa de levantamento e estudos da fauna. Caracterização da fauna , 681 Brasília : TUC-20–26841-RE .
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira , LV and Laurance , WF. 1997 . Effects of forest fragmentation on mortality and damage of selected trees in central Amazonia . Cons Biol. , 11 : 797 – 801 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisch , GF , Januário , M and Senna , MC. 1990 . Impacto ecológico em Tucuruí (PA): Climatologia . Acta Amaz. , 20 : 49 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Fowler-Finn , K and Hebets , E. 2006 . An examination of agonistic interactions in the whip spider, Phrynus marginemaculatus (Arachnida, Amblypygi) . J Arach. , 34 : 62 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner , TA , Ribeiro-Júnior , MA , Barlow , J , Ávila-Pires , TCS , Hoogmoed , MS and Peres , CA. 2007 . The value of primary, secondary, and plantation forests for a Neotropical herpetofauna . Cons Biol. , 21 : 775 – 787 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giupponi , APL. 2002 . Duas novas sinonímias no gênero Heterophrynus Pocock, 1894 (Amblypygi, Phrynidae) . Revista Ibérica de Aracnología. , 6 : 173 – 175 .
   Google Scholar
• Haddad , CR and Dippenaar-Schoeman , AS. 2006 . Spiders (Araneae) inhabiting abandoned mounds of the snouted harvester termite Trinervitermes trinervoides (Sjöstedt) (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae) in the Free State, South Africa, with notes on their biology . Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum Blomfontein. , 22 ( 1 ) : 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Haddad , CR , Honiball , AS , Dippenaar-Schoeman , AS , Slotow , R and van Rensburg , BJ. 2010 . Spiders as potential indicators of elephant-induced habitat changes in endemic sand forest, Maputaland, South Africa . Afr J Ecol. , 48 ( 2 ) : 446 – 460 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebets , EA. 2002 . Relating the unique sensory system of amblypygids to the ecology and behavior of Phrynus parvulus from Costa Rica (Arachnida, Amblypygi) . Can J Zool. , 80 : 286 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann , BC , Rodrigues , E and Lima , A. 2005 . A paisagem como condicionadora de bordas de fragmentos florestais . Floresta , 35 ( 1 ) : 13 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2008. IUCN red list of threatened species. http://www.iucnredlist.org (http://www.iucnredlist.org) (Accessed: 1 April 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• Ladle , RJ and Velander , K. 2003 . Fishing behavior in a giant whip spider . J Arach. , 31 : 154 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurance , WF and Bierregaard , RO JR , eds. 1997 . Tropical forest remnants: ecology, management, and conservation of fragmented communities , Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press. 640 p .
   Google Scholar
• Laurance , WF , Delamonica , P , Laurance , SG , Vasconcelos , HL and Lovejoy , TE. 2000 . Rainforest fragmentation kills big trees . Nature. , 404 : 836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurance , WF , Gascon , C and Rankin-de-Merona , JM. 1998 . Predicting effects of habitat destruction on plant communities: a test of a model using Amazonian trees . Ecol Appl. , 9 : 548 – 554 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewinsohn , TM , Freitas , AVL and Prado , PI. 2005 . Conservation of terrestrial invertebrates and their habitats in Brazil . Cons Biol. , 19 ( 3 ) : 640 – 645 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo-Man-Hung , NF , Gardner , TA , Ribeiro-Júnior , MA , Barlow , J and Bonaldo , AB. 2008 . The value of primary, secondary, and plantation forests for Neotropical epigeic arachnids . J Arach. , 36 : 394 – 401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lourenço , WR and Heurtault , J. 1978 . A propos de la présence d'un Amblypyge: Heterophrynus longicornis Butler dans le “Cerrado” du District Fédéral (Brésil) . Rev Nordestina de Biol. , 1 : 49 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• McGarigal , K and Marks , BJ. 1994 . FRAGSTATS, Spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW‐GTR‐351 , 122 Portland , OR : U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station .
   Google Scholar
• Mello-Leitão , C. 1931 . Pedipalpos do Brasil e algumas notas sobre a ordem . Archivos do Museu Nacional. , 33 : 7 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Muma , MH. 1966 . Feeding behavior of North American Solpugida (Arachnida) . Florida Entomol. , 49 ( 3 ) : 199 – 217 .
   Google Scholar
• New , TR. 1999 . Untangling the web: spiders and the challenges of invertebrate conservation . J Ins Cons. , 3 : 251 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto-da-Rocha , R. 2004 . A new Fissiphalliidae from Brazilian Amazon Rain Forest (Arachnida: Opiliones) . Zootaxa. , 640 : 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Pinto-da-Rocha , R , Machado , G and Weygoldt , P. 2002 . Two new species of Charinus Simon, 1892 from Brazil with biological notes (arachnida; Amblypygi; Charinidae) . J Nat Hist. , 36 : 107 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Punzo , F. 1998 . The Biology of Camel-Spiders (Arachnida, Solifugae) , Boston/Dordrecht/London : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Rayor , LS and Taylor , LA. 2006 . Social behavior in amblypygids, and a reassessment of arachnid social patterns . J Arach. , 34 : 399 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rego , FNAA , Venticinque , EM and Brescovit , AD. 2007 . Effects of forest fragmentation on four Ctenus spider populations (Araneae: Ctenidae) in central Amazonia, Brazil . Stud Neotrop Fau Envir. , 42 ( 2 ) : 137 – 144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , GR , Holt , RD , Gaines , MS , Hamburg , SP , Johnson , ML , Fitch , HS and Martinko , EA. 1992 . Diverse and contrasting effects of habitat fragmentation . Science. , 257 : 524 – 526 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , DM , McCully , P and Pringle , CM. 2000 . Global-scale environmental effects of hydrological alterations: introduction . BioScience. , 50 : 746 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terborgh , J , Feeley , K , Silman , M , Nuñez , P and Balukjian , B. 2006 . Vegetation dynamics of predator-free land-bridge islands . J Ecol. , 94 : 253 – 263 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tourinho , AL and Perez , AG . 2006 . On the family Fissiphalliidae Martens, 1988, with descriptions of two new Amazonian species (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) . Zootaxa. , 1325 : 235 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• Uehara-Prado , M , Fernandes , JO , Bello , AM , Machado , G , Santos , AJ , Vaz-de-Mello , FZ and Freitas , AVL. 2009 . Selecting terrestrial arthropods as indicators of small-scale disturbance: a first approach in the Brazilian Atlantic forest . Biol Cons. , 142 : 1220 – 1228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasconcelos , HL and Luizão , FJ. 2004 . Litter production and litter nutrient concentrations in fragmented Amazonian landscape . Ecol Appl. , 14 : 884 – 892 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh , RE and Rayor , LS. 2008 . Kin discrimination in the amblypygid, Damon diadema . J Arach. , 36 : 336 – 343 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weygoldt , P. 1972 . Admetus pumilio (Tarantulidae) – Kampfverhalten. Film E 1859 , Göttingen : Encyclopedia Cinematographica .
   Google Scholar
• Weygoldt , P. 1977 . Coexistence of two species of whip spiders (genus Heterophrynus) in the neotropical rain forest (Arachnida, Amblypygi) . Oecologia. , 27 : 363 – 370 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weygoldt , P. 2000 . Whip spiders (Chelicerata: Amblypygi): Their biology, morphology and systematics. Stenstrup , Denmark : Apollo Books. 163 p .
   Google Scholar
• Weygoldt , P. 2002 . “ Amblypygi ” . In Amazonian Arachnida and Myriapoda , Edited by: Adis , J . 293 – 302 . Moscow : Pensoft Publishers. p .
   Google Scholar
• Wu , J , Huang , J , Han , X , Gao , X , He , F , Jiang , M , Jiang , Z , Primack , R and Shen , Z. 2004 . The three Gorges Dam: an ecological perspective . Front Ecol Envir. , 2 ( 5 ) : 241 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , J , Huang , J , Han , X , Xie , Z and Gao , X. 2003 . Three Gorges Dam – experiment in habitat fragmentation? . Science. , 300 : 1239 – 1240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar