Life is uncertain, eat dessert first: feeding ecology and prey-predator interactions of the coffee snake Ninia atrata

References

• Akaike H. 1973. Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In: Petrov BN, Csáki F, editors. Second International Symposium on Information Theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press; p. 267–281.
   Google Scholar
• Alencar LR, Galdino CA, Nascimento L. 2012. Life history aspects of Oxyrhopus trigeminus (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) from two sites in Southeastern Brazil. J Herpetol. 46(1):9–13. doi:10.1670/09219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ávila RW, Ferreira VL, Arruda JA. 2006. Natural history of the South American water snake Helicops leopardinus (Colubridae: Hydropsini) in the Pantanal, Central Brazil. J Herpetol. 40(2):274–279. doi:10.1670/113–05N.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angarita-Sierra T. 2014. Hemipenial morphology in the semifossorial snakes of the Genus Ninia and a New Species from Trinidad, West Indies (Serpentes: Dipsadidae). South Am J Herpetol. 9(2):114–130. doi:10.2994/SAJH-D-12-00004.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angarita-Sierra T. 2015. Repertoire of antipredator displays in the semifossorial snake Ninia atrata (Hallowell, 1845) (Serpentes: Dipsadidae). Herpetol Notes. 8:339–344.
   Google Scholar
• Beaupre SJ, Douglas LE. 2009. Snakes as indicators and monitors of ecosystem properties. In: Mullin SJ, Seigel RA, editors. Snakes: ecology and conservation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press; p. 244–261.
   Google Scholar
• Blanchardi FN, Finster EB. 1933. A method of marking living snakes for future recognition, with a discussion of some problems and results. Ecology. 14(4):334––347. doi:10.2307/1932657.
   Google Scholar
• Boback SM. 2006. A morphometric comparison of island an mainland Boas (Boa constrictor) in Belize. Copeia. 2006(2):261–267. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2006)6[261:amcoia]2.0.co;2.
   Google Scholar
• Brown GP, Madsen TRL, Shine R. 2017. Resource availability and sexual size dimorphism: differential effects of prey abundance on the growth rates of tropical snakes. Funct Ecol. 31(8):1592–1599. doi:10.1111/1365–2435.12877.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown JH, Munger JC. 1985. Experimental manipulation of a desert rodent community: food addition and species. Ecology. 66(5):1545–1563. doi:10.2307/1938017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruguière JG. 1792. Invertébrés. In: Panckoucke CS, editor. Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique 470 des trois regnes de la nature, No. 1. Paris: Impremeur-Libraire; p. 252.
   Google Scholar
• Bruguière JG. 1972. Invertébrés. In: Panckoucke CS, editor. Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois regnes de la nature, No. 1. Paris: Impremeur-Libraire; p. 252.
   Google Scholar
• Cadle JE, Greene HW. 1993. Phylogenetic patterns, biogeography, and the ecological structure of Neotropical snake assemblage. In: Ricklefs E R, Schluter D, editors. Ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; p. 281–293.
   Google Scholar
• Chevan A, Sutherland M. 1991. Hierarchical partitioning. Am Stat. 45:90–96. doi:10.1080/00031305.1991.10475776
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cope ED. 1868. An examination of the Reptilia and Batrachia obtained by the Orton expedition to equador and the upper Amazon, with notes on other species. Proc Acad Nat Sci Philadelphia. 20:96–140.
   Google Scholar
• d’Orbigny AD. 1839. Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale: (le Brésil, la république orientale de l’Uruguay, la République argentine, la Patagonie, la république du Chili, la république de Bolivia, la républiquedu Pérou), exécuté pendant les années 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, et 1833. Paris: Chez Pitois-Levrault; p. 337.
   Google Scholar
• Day T, Pritchard J, Schulter D. 1994. A comparison of two sticklebacks. Evolution. 48:1723–1734. doi:10.2307/2410260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunham AE, Grant BW, Overall KL. 1989. Interfaces between biophysical and physiological ecology and the population ecology of terrestrial vertebrate ectotherms. Physiol Zool. 62(2):335–355. doi:10.1086/physzool.62.2.30156174.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer P. 1868. Diagnoses de deux Limaciens de la Nouvelle Calédonie. Journal de Conchyliologie. 16:145–146.
   Google Scholar
• Fitch HS. 1987. Collecting and Life-History Techniques. In: Seigel RA, Collins JT, Novak SS, editors. Snakes: ecology and evolutionary biology. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company; p. 143–164.
   Google Scholar
• Ford RG, Pitelka FA. 1984. Resource limitation in population of the California vole. Ecology. 65(1):122–136. doi:10.2307/1939465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsman A. 1991. Adaptive variation in head size in Vipera berus L. populations. Biol J Linnean Soc. 43:281–296. doi:10.1111/j.1095–8312.1991.tb00600.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross J 2015. Five omnibus tests for testing the composite hypothesis of normality. [accessed 2017 Apr 17]. http://CRAN.R–project.org/package=nortest.
   Google Scholar
• Guisande-Gonzáles C, Vaamonde-Liste A, Barreiro-Felpeto A. 2014. RWizard [Software]. Pontevedra (Spain): University of Vigo.
   Google Scholar
• [IDEAM] Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales. 2016. Condiciones actuales climáticas actuales. [accessed 2017 Apr 16]. http://www.ideam.gov.co/web/tiempo–y–clima/prediccion–climatica.
   Google Scholar
• Hallowell E. 1845. Descriptions of reptiles from South America, supposed to be new. Proc Acad Nat Sci Philadelphia. 2:241–247.
   Google Scholar
• Heyer R, Donnelly M, McDiarmid R, Hayek L, Foster M. Editors. 1994. Measuring and monitoring biological diversity. standard methods for amphibians. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holmgren M, Scheffer M, Ezcurra E, Gutiérrez JR, Mohren GM. 2001. El Niño effects on the dynamics of terrestrial ecosystem. Trends Ecol Evol. 16(2):89–94. doi:10.1016/S0169–5347(00)02052–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hothron T, Zeileis A, Farebrother R, Cummins C, Millo G, Mitchell D. 2017. Package ‘lmtest’: A collection of tests, data sets, and examples for diagnostic checking in linear regression models. New York (NY). [accessed 2017 Apr 16]. http://CRAN.R–project.org/package=lmtest
   Google Scholar
• Jaksic FM, Silva SI, Meserve PL, Guitiérrez JR. 1997. A long–term study of vertebrate predator response to an EL Niño (ENSO) disturbance in western South America. Oikos. 78:341–354. doi:10.2307/3546302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jönsson KI. 1997. Capital and income breeding as alternative tactics of resource use in reproduction. Oikos. 78(1):57-66. doi: 10.2307/3545800.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King RB. 2002. Predicted and observed maximum prey size–snake allometry. Funct Ecol. 16:766–772. doi:10.1046/j.1365–2435.2002.00678.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krebs JR. 1978. Optimal foraging: Decisions rules for predators. In: Krebs JR, Davies NB, editors. Behavioral ecology: an evolutionary approach. Oxford: Blackwell; p. 23–63.
   Google Scholar
• Laurie WA, Brown D. 1990. Population biology of marine iguanas (Ablyrhynchus cristatus). II. Changes in annual survival rates and the effects of size, age, and fecundity in a population crash. J Anim Ecol. 59:529–544. doi:10.2307/4879
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lillywhite HB. 2014. How snakes work. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Linnaeus C. 1758. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Estocolmo: Impensis Direct Laurentii Salvii. 824. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.35518
   Google Scholar
• Lynch JD. 2015. The role of plantations of the african palm (Elaeis guineensis) in the conservation of snakes in Colombia. Caldasia. 37(1):169–182. doi:10.15446/caldasia.v37n1.50992.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madsen T, Shine R. 2000. Rain, Fish and snakes: cliamtically driven pupolation dynamics of Arafura filesnakes in tropical Australia. Oecologia. 124:208–215. doi:10.1007/s004420050008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madsen T, Ujvari B, Shine R, Olsson M. 2006. Rain, rats and pythons: Climate-driven population dynamics of predators and prey in tropical Australia. Austral Ecol. 31(2006):30–37. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2006.01540.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marques OA, Puorto G. 1998. Feeding, reproduction and growth in the crowned snake Tantilla melanocephala (Colubridae), from southeastern Brazil. Amphib-Reptil. 19:311–318. doi:10.1163/156853898X00214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins M, Oliveira ME. 1998. Natural history of snakes in forests of Manaus region, Central Amazonia, Brazil. Herpetol Nat Hist. 6(2):78–150.
   Google Scholar
• Mejía J. 2000. Consumo de agua por la palma de aceite y efectos del riego sobre la producción de racimos: una revisión de literatura. Revista Palmas. 21(1):51–58.
   Google Scholar
• Miranda EP, Ribeiro RP Jr, Camera BF, Barros M, Draque J, Micucci P, Waller T, Strüssman C. 2017. Penny and penny laid up will be many: large Yellow anacondas do not disregard small prey. J Zool. 301(4):301–309. doi:10.1111/jzo.12417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mushinsky HR. 1987. Foraging ecology. In: Seigel RA, Collins JT, Novak SS, editors. Snakes, ecology and evolutionary biology Caldwell. New York: The Blackburn press; p. 302–334.
   Google Scholar
• Myers P, Lundringan BL, Gillespie BW, Zelditch L. 1996. Phenotypic plasticity in skull and dental morphology in the prairie deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus baidii). J Morphol. 229:229–237. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097–4687(199608)229:2<229::AID–JMOR7>3.0.CO;2–W
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naimi B. 2015. Package ‘usdm’: methods and tools for assessing the impact of different sources of uncertainties [accessed 2017 Apr 16]. https://cran.r–project.org/web/packages/usdm/usdm.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Pryor GA. 2008. Methodology for estimation of operational availability as applied to military systems. ITEA. 28:420–428.
   Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team. 2014. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. [accessed 2017 Apr 16]. http://www.R-project.org.
   Google Scholar
• Rivas JA. 1999. The life history of the Green Anaconda (Eunectes murinus) with emphasis on its reproductive biology [Doctoral thesis]. Knoxville (TN): University of Tennessee.
   Google Scholar
• Rojas-Morales JA, Zuluaga-Isaza JC, Díaz-Ayala R.F. 2017. Observations on the feeding behavior of the semifossorial snake Ninia atrata (Hallowell 1845) (Serpentes: Dipsadidae). Reptiles Amphib. 24(2):124-126.
   Google Scholar
• Savage JM. 2002. The amphibians and reptiles of Costa Rica: a herpetofauna between two continents, between two seas. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW. 2012. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods. 9(7):671–675. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoener TW. 1969. Models of optimal size for solitary predators. Amer Naturalist. 103(931):277–313. doi:10.1086/282602.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulte–Hostedde AI, Bertram Z, Millar JS, Hickling GJ. 2005. Restitution of mass–size residuals: validating body condition indices. Ecology. 86(1):155–163. doi:10.1890/04-0232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shine R. 1989. Ecological causes for the Evolution of sexual dimorphism: A review of the evidence. Q Rev Biol. 64(4):419–461. doi:10.1086/416458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shine R. 1991. Intersexual dietary divergence and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in snakes. Am Nat. 138:103–122. doi:10.1086/285207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shine R, Brown GP. 2008. Adapting to the unpredictable: reproductive biology of vertebrates in the Australian wet–dry tropics. Phil Trans R Soc B. 363(2008):363–373. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2144.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shine R, Madsen R. 1997. Prey abundance and predator reproduction: Rats and pythons on tropical Australia floodplain. Ecology. 78(4):1078–1086. doi:10.1890/0012–9658(1997)078[1078:PAAPRR]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson EH. 1949. Measurement of diversity. Nature. 163(4148):688. doi: 10.1038/163688a0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ujvari Madsen T, Shine BOlsson R. 2006. Rain, rats and pythons: climate-driven population dynamics of predators and prey in tropical australia. Austral Ecol. 31(2006):30-37. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2006.01540.x.
   Google Scholar
• Vincent ES, Herrel A, Irschick DJ. 2004. Sexual dimorphism in head shape and diet in the cottonmouth snake (Agkistrodon piscivorus). J Zool Lond. 264:53–59. doi:10.1017/S0952836904005503
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitt LJ. 1996. Ecological observations on the tropical colubrid snake Leptodeira annulata. Herpetol Nat Hist. 4(1):69–76.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh C, MacNally R. 2015. Package ‘hier.part’: Variance partition of a multivariate data set. [accessed 2017 Apr 16]. http://CRAN.R–project.org/package=hier.part.
   Google Scholar
• Waye HL, Mason RT. 2008. A combination of body condition measurements is more informative than conventional condition indices: Temporal variation in body condition and corticosterone in brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis). Gen Comp Endocrinol. 155(2008):607–612. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.08.005.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitaker PB, Shine R. 2000. Sources of mortality of karge elapid snakes in an Agricultural landscape. J Herpetol. 34(1):121–128. doi:10.2307/1565247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White GC, Burnham KP. 1999. Program MARK: survival estimation from populations of marked animals. Bird Study. 4(sup1):S120–S139. doi:10.1080/00063659909477239.
   Google Scholar