106
Views
27
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Partitioning phenotypic variation: genotypic, environmental and residual components from bryozoan skeletal morphology

Pages 1713-1735 | Published online: 03 Dec 2010

References

  • Abbott , M. B. 1973 . “ Intra- and intercolony variation in populations of Hippoporina neviani (Bryozoa-Cheilostomata) ” . In Animal Colonies, Development and Function Through Time , Edited by: Boardman , R. S. and Cheetham , A. H. 223 – 245 . Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania : Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross .
  • Alexander , R. A. 1975 . Phenotypic lability of the brachiopod Rafinsquina alternata (Ordovician) and its correlation with the sedimentologic regime . Journal of Paleontology , 49 : 607 – 618 .
  • Anstey , R. L. and Perry , T. G. 1970 . Biometric procedures in taxonomic studies of Paleozoic bryozoans . Journal of Paleontology , 44 : 383 – 398 .
  • Barnes , D. K. A. 1995 . Seasonal and annual growth in erect species of Antarctic bryozoans . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 188 : 181 – 198 .
  • Barnes , D. K. A. and Clarke , A. 1994 . Seasonal variation in the feeding activity of four species of Antarctic bryozoan in relation to environmental factors . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 181 : 117 – 133 .
  • Bayer , M. M. , Cormack , R. M. and Todd , C. D. 1994 . Influence of food concentration on polypide regression in the marine bryozoan Electra pilosa (L.) (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 178 : 35 – 50 .
  • Bayer , M. M. and Todd , C. D. 1996 . “ Effect of polypide regression and other parameters on colony growth in the cheilostomate Electra pilosa (L.) ” . In Bryozoans in Space and Time , Edited by: Gordon , D. P. , Smith , A. M. and Grant-Mackie , J. A. 29 – 38 . Wellington, , New Zealand : National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research .
  • Bayer , M. M. , Todd , C. D. , Hoyle , J. E. and Wilson , J. F. B. 1997 . Wave-related abrasion induces formation of extended spines in a marine bryozoan . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B , 264 : 1605 – 1611 .
  • Bergström , J. and Levi-Setti , R. 1978 . Phenotypic variation in the Middle Cambrian trilobite Paradoxides davidis Salter et Manuels, SE Newfoundland . Geologica et Palaeontologica , 12 : 1 – 40 .
  • Blake , D. B. 1976 . Functional morphology and taxonomy of branch dimorphism in the Paleozoic bryozoan genus Rhabdomeson . Lethaia , 9 : 169 – 178 .
  • Boardman , R. S. 1960 . Trepostomatous Bryozoa of the Hamilton Group of New York State . United States Geological Survey Professional Paper , 340 : 1 – 87 .
  • Boardman , R. S. , Cheetham , A. H. and Cook , P. L. Intracolony variation and the genus concept in Bryozoa . Proceedings of the North American Paleontological Convention, September 1969, Part C . Edited by: Yochelson , E. L. pp. 294 – 320 . Chicago
  • Boardman , R. S. , Cheetham , A. H. and Cook , P. L. 1983 . “ Introduction to the Bryozoa ” . In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part G, Bryozoa Revised , Edited by: Robison , R. A. 3 – 49 . Lawrence : Geological Society of America and University of Kansas .
  • Brande , S. and Bretsky , S. S. 1982 . Avoid improper statistical analysis in bryozoans: Analysis of variance is suitable for study of hierarchical variation . Journal of Paleontology , 56 : 1207 – 1212 .
  • Budd , A. F. 1990 . Longterm patterns of morphological variation within and among species of reef-corals and their relationships to sexual reproduction . Systematic Biology , 15 : 150 – 165 .
  • Budd , A. F. 1993 . Variation within and among morphospecies of Montastraea . Courier Forschungs-institut Senckenberg , 164 : 241 – 254 .
  • Cheetham , A. H. 1968 . Morphology and systematics of the bryozoan genus Metrarabdotos . Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections , 153 : 1 – 121 .
  • Cheetham , A. H. 1986 . Tempo of evolution in a Neogene bryozoan: rates of morphologic change within and across species boundaries . Paleobiology , 12 : 190 – 202 .
  • Cheetham , A. H. , Jackson , J. B. C. and Hayek , L. A. C. 1993 . Quantitative genetics of bryozoan phenotypic evolution. I. Rate tests for random change versus selection in differentiation of living species . Evolution , 47 : 1526 – 1538 .
  • Cheetham , A. H. , Jackson , J. B. C. and Hayek , L. A. C. 1994 . Quantitative genetics of bryozoan phenotypic evolution. II. Analysis of selection and random change in fossil species using reconstructed genetic parameters . Evolution , 48 : 360 – 375 .
  • Cheetham , A. H. , Jackson , J. B. C. and Hayek , L. A. C. 1995 . Quantitative genetics of bryozoan phenotypic evolution. III. Phenotypic plasticity and the maintenance of genetic variation . Evolution , 49 : 290 – 296 .
  • Cheetham , A. H. and Lorenz , D. M. 1976 . “ A vector approach to size and shape comparisons among zooids in cheilostome bryozoans ” . In Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 1 – 55 .
  • Cook , P. L. 1977 . The genus Tremogasterina Canu (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) . Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series , 32 : 103 – 165 .
  • Cuffey , R. J. 1967 . Bryozoan Tabulipora carbonaria in Wreford Megacyclothem (Lower Permian) of Kansas . The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Bryozoa Article , 1 : 1 – 96 .
  • Falconer , D. S. 1981 . Introduction to Quantitative Genetics , 2nd , 340 London : Longman Group .
  • Farmer , J. D. and Rowell , A. J. 1973 . “ Variation in the bryozoan Fistulipora decora (Moore and Dudley) from the Beil Limestone of Kansas ” . In Animal Colonies, Development and Function Through Time , Edited by: Boardman , R. S. , Cheetham , A. H. and Oliver , W. A. 377 – 394 . Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania : Dowden, Hutchison and Ross .
  • Foster , A. B. 1984 . The species concept in fossil hermatypic corals: a statistical approach . Palaeontographica Americana , 34 : 58 – 69 .
  • Foster , A. B. 1985 . Variation within coral colonies and its importance for interpreting fossil species . Journal of Paleontology , 59 : 1359 – 1381 .
  • Futuyma , D. J. 1986 . Evolutionary Biology , 600 Sunderland, Massachusetts : Sinauer Associates Inc. Publishers .
  • Hageman , S. J. 1991a . Approaches to systematic and evolutionary studies of perplexing groups: an example using fenestrate Bryozoa . Journal of Paleontology , 65 : 630 – 647 .
  • Hageman , S. J. 1991 . “ Discrete morphotaxa froma Mississippian fenestrate faunule: presence and implications ” . In Bryozoaires Actuels et Fossiles: Bryozoa Living and Fossil. Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de l'Ouest de la France , Edited by: Bigey , F. P. 147 – 150 . Mémoire HS 1 .
  • Hageman , S. J. 1994 . Microevolutionary implications of clinal variation in the Paleozoic bryozoan Streblotrypa . Lethaia , 27 : 209 – 222 .
  • Hageman , S. J. 1995 . Observed phenotypic variation in a Paleozoic bryozoan: implications for microevolutionary and systematic studies . Paleobiology , 21 : 314 – 328 .
  • Harvell , C. D. 1986 . The ecology and evolution of inducible defenses in a marine bryozoan: cues, costs, and consequences . American Naturalist , 128 : 810 – 823 .
  • Hillis , D. M. 1987 . Molecular versus morphological approaches to systematics . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , 18 : 23 – 42 .
  • Holdener , E. J. 1994 . Numerical taxonomy of fenestrate bryozoans: evaluation of methodology and applicability to analyses of microevolution . Journal of Paleontology , 68 : 1201 – 1214 .
  • Holdener , E. J. 1998 . Morphometric approaches to analysis of microevolution: morphologic variation in Paleozoic Bryozoa , 262 Urbana, , USA : University of Illinois . Ph.D. thesis
  • Holdener , E. J. and Hageman , S. J. 1998 . Implications of intracolonial variation in a Paleozoic bryozoan . Journal of Paleontology , 72 : 809 – 818 .
  • Hunter , E. and Hughes , R. N. 1994 . “ The influence of temperature, food ration and genotype on zooid size in Celleporella hyalina (L.) ” . In Biology and Palaeobiology of Bryozoans , Edited by: Hayward , P. J. , Ryland , J. S. and Taylor , P. D. 83 – 86 . Fredensborg, Denmark : Olsen and Olsen .
  • Hunter , E. and Hughes , R. N. 1995 . Environmental and genetic components of variation in sexual allocation by an epialgal bryozoan . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 120 : 193 – 201 .
  • Jackson , J. B. C. and Cheetham , A. H. 1990 . Evolutionary significance of morphospecies: a test with cheilostome Bryozoa . Science , 248 : 579 – 583 .
  • Jackson , J. B. C. and Winston , J. E. 1981 . “ Modular growth and longevity in bryozoans ” . In Recent and Fossil Bryozoa , Edited by: Larwood , G. P. and Nielsen , C. 121 – 126 . Fredensborg, Denmark : Olsen and Olsen .
  • Jebram , D. 1980 . Influences of the food on the colony forms of Electra pilosa . Zoologische Jahrbücher der Systematik , 108 : 1 – 14 .
  • Jebram , D. and Rummert , H. D. 1978 . Influences of different diets on growth and forms of Conopeum seurati (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) . Zoologische Jahrbücher der Systematik , 105 : 502 – 514 .
  • Johnson , A. L. A. 1981 . Detection of ecophenotypic variation in fossils and its application to a Jurassic scallop . Lethaia , 14 : 277 – 285 .
  • Joysey , K. A. 1952 . Fossil lineages and environmental change . Geology Magazine , 89 : 357 – 360 .
  • Key , M. M. Jr. 1987 . “ Partition of morphologic variation across stability gradients in Upper Ordovician trepostomes ” . In Bryozoa: Past and Present , Edited by: Ross , J. R. P. 145 – 152 . Bellingham : Western Washington University .
  • Knowlton , N. and Budd , A. F. “ Recognizing coral species present and past ” . In Process from Pattern in the Fossil Record , Edited by: Jackson , in J. B. C. , Lidgard , S. and McKinney , F. K. Chicago : University of Chicago Press . in press
  • Larson , A. 1989 . “ The relationship between speciation and morphological evolution ” . In Speciation and its Consequences , Edited by: Otte , D. and Endler , J. A. 579 – 598 . Sunderland, Massachusetts : Sinauer .
  • Levinton , J. 1988 . Genetics, Paleontology and Macroevolution , 637 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Lidgard , S. and Buckley , G. A. 1994 . “ Toward a morphological species concept in cheilostomes: phenotypic variation in Adeonellopsis yarraensis (Waters) ” . In Biology and Palaeobiology of Bryozoans , Edited by: Hayward , P. J. , Ryland , J. S. and Taylor , P. D. 109 – 113 . Fredensborg, Denmark : Olsen and Olsen .
  • Malmgren , B. and Kennett , J. P. 1976 . Biometric analysis of phenotypic variation in recent Globigerina bulloides d'Orbigny in the southeastern Indian Ocean . Marine Micropaleontology , 1 : 3 – 25 .
  • Nevesskaya , L. A. 1967 . Problems of species differentiation in light of paleontological data . Paleontological Journal , 4 : 1 – 17 .
  • Okamura , B. 1987 . “ Seasonal changes in zooid size and feeding activity in epifaunal colonies of Electra pilosa ” . In Bryozoa: Past and Present , Edited by: Ross , in J. R. P. 197 – 204 . Bellingham : Western Washington University .
  • Okamura , B. 1992 . Microhabitat variation and patterns of colony growth and feeding in marine Bryozoa . Ecology , 73 : 1502 – 1513 .
  • Okamura , B. and Bishop , J. D. D. 1988 . Zooid size in cheilostome bryozoans as an indicator of relative paleotemperature . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , 66 : 145 – 152 .
  • Pachut , J. F. 1982 . Morphologic variation within and among genotypes in two Devonian bryozoan species: an independent indicator of paleostability . Journal of Paleontology , 56 : 703 – 716 .
  • Pachut , J. F. and Anstey , R. L. 1979 . A developmental explanation of stability-diversity-; variation hypotheses: morphogenetic regulation in Ordovician bryozoan colonies . Paleobiology , 5 : 168 – 187 .
  • Pachut , J. F. and Cuffey , R. J. 1991 . Clinal variation, intraspecific heterochrony, and microevolution in the Permian bryozoan Tabulipora carbonaria . Lethaia , 24 : 165 – 185 .
  • Perry , T. G. and Horowitz , A. S. 1963 . Bryozoans from the Glen Dean Limestone (Middle Chester) of southern Indiana and Kentucky . Indiana Geological Survey Bulletin , 26 : 1 – 51 .
  • Potts , D. , Garthwaite , R. and Budd , A. 1993 . Soft tissue versus skeletal approaches to species recognition and phylogeny reconstruction in corals . Courier Forschungs-institut Senckenberg , 164 : 221 – 231 .
  • Ryland , J. S. Parameters of the lophophore in relation to population structure in a bryozoan community . Proceedings of the 9th European Marine Biology Symposium . Edited by: Barnes , H. pp. 363 – 393 . Aberdeen : Aberdeen University Press .
  • Ryland , J. S. and Hayward , P. J. 1977 . British anascan bryozoans . Synopses of the British Fauna, N. S. , 10 : 1 – 188 .
  • Scheiner , S. M. 1993 . Genetics and evolution of phenotypic plasticity . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , 24 : 35 – 68 .
  • Schopf , T. J. M. 1976 . Environmental versus genetic causes of morphologic variability in bryozoan colonies from the deep sea . Paleobiology , 2 : 156 – 165 .
  • Schopf , T. J. M. and Dutton , A. R. 1976 . Parallel clines in morphologic and genetic differentiation in a coastal zone marine invertebrate: the bryozoan Schizoporella errata . Paleobiology , 2 : 255 – 264 .
  • Shaffer , H. B. , Clark , J. M. and Kraus , F. 1991 . When molecules and morphology clash: a phylogenetic analysis of the North American Ambystomatid salamanders (Caudata: Ambystomatidae) . Systematic Zoology , 40 : 284 – 303 .
  • Snyder , E. M. 1991 . Revised taxonomic procedures and paleoecological applications for some North American Mississippian Fenestellidae and Polyporidae (Bryozoa) . Palaeontographica Americana , 57 : 1 – 351 .
  • Sokal , R. R. and Rohlf , F. J. 1981 . Biometry: the Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research , 2nd , 859 New York : W. H. Freeman and Company .
  • Tavener-Smith , R. 1965 . A new fenestrate bryozoan from the Lower Carboniferous of County Fermanagh . Palaeontology , 8 : 478 – 491 .
  • Tavener-Smith , R. 1966 . The micrometric formula and the classification of fenestrate cryptostomes . Palaeontology , 9 : 413 – 425 .
  • Taylor , P. D. and Furness , R. W. 1978 . Astogenetic and environmental variation of zooid size within colonies of Jurassic Stomatopora (Bryozoa, Cyclostomata) . Journal of Paleontology , 52 : 1093 – 1102 .
  • Thomsen , E. and Håkansson , E. 1995 . Sexual versus asexual dispersal in clonal animals: examples from cheilostome bryozoans . Paleobiology , 21 : 496 – 508 .
  • Whitehead , J. W. , Seed , R. and Hughes , R. N. 1994 . “ Factors controlling spinosity in the epialgal bryozoan Flustrellidra hispida (Fabricius) ” . In Biology and Palaeobiology of Bryozoans , Edited by: Hayward , P. J. , Ryland , J. S. and Taylor , P. D. 367 – 375 . Fredensborg, Denmark : Olsen and Olsen .
  • Willis , B. L. and Ayre , D. 1985 . Asexual reproduction and genetic determination of growth form in the coral Pavona cactus: biochemical genetic and immunogenetic evidence . Oecologia , 65 : 516 – 525 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.