The Invariant Component Structure of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) Full Scales

References

• Aluja , A. , García , Ó. , García , L. F. and Seisdedos , N. 2005 . Invariance of the “NEO–PI–R” factor structure across exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses . Personality and Individual Differences , 38 : 1879 – 1889 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, , 4th ed. , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Baity , M. R. , Siefert , C. J. , Chambers , A. and Blais , M. A. 2007 . Deceptiveness on the PAI: A study of naïve faking with psychiatric inpatients . Journal of Personality Assessment , 88 : 16 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball , S. A. , Tennen , H. and Kranzler , H. R. 1999 . Factor replicability and validity of the Temperament and Character Inventory in substance-dependent patients . Psychological Assessment , 11 : 514 – 524 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett , P. T. 2005 . Orthosim 2 (version 2.0): Target-comparison matrix fitting Retrieved January 13, 2006, from http://www.pbarrett.net/orthosim2.htm[Computer software and manual]
   Google Scholar
• Barrett , P. T. , Petrides , K. V. , Eysenck , S. B. G. and Eysenck , H. J. 1998 . The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire: An examination of the factorial similarity of P, E, N, and L across 34 countries . Personality and Individual Differences , 25 : 805 – 819 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boone , D. 1998 . Internal consistency reliability of the Personality Assessment Inventory with psychiatric inpatients . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 54 : 839 – 843 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle , G. J. and Lennon , T. J. 1994 . Examination of the reliability and validity of the Personality Assessment Inventory . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment , 16 : 173 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle , G. J. , Ward , J. and Lennon , T. J. 1994 . Personality Assessment Inventory: A confirmatory factor analysis . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 79 : 1441 – 1442 .
   Google Scholar
• Butcher , J. N. 1994 . Psychological assessment of airline pilot applicants with the MMPI–2 . Journal of Personality Assessment , 62 : 31 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butcher , J. N. , Graham , J. R. , Ben-Porath , Y. S. , Tellegen , A. , Dahlstrom , W. G. and Kaemmer , B. 2001 . Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2: Manual for administration scoring and interpretation, , Rev. ed. , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Byrne , B. M. 2005 . Factor analytic models: Viewing the structure of an assessment instrument from three perspectives . Journal of Personality Assessment , 85 : 17 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne , B. M. , Baron , P. and Balev , J. 1996 . The Beck Depression Inventory: Testing for its factorial validity and invariance across gender for Bulgarian non-clinical adolescents . Personality and Individual Differences , 21 : 641 – 651 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne , B. M. , Baron , P. and Campbell , T. L. 1993 . Measuring adolescent depression: Factorial validity and invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory across gender . Journal of Research on Adolescence , 3 : 127 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Byrne , B. M. , Baron , P. and Campbell , T. L. 1994 . The Beck Depression Inventory (French Version): Testing for gender-invariant factorial structure for nonclinical adolescents . Journal of Adolescent Research , 9 : 166 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne , B. M. , Baron , P. , Larrson , B. and Melin , L. 1996 . Measuring depression for Swedish nonclinical adolescents: Factorial validity and equivalence of the Beck Depression Inventory across gender . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology , 37 : 37 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloninger , C. R. , Svrakic , D. M. and Przybeck , T. R. 1993 . A psychobiological model of temperament and character . Archives of General Psychiatry , 50 : 975 – 990 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deisinger , J. A. 1995 . Exploring the factor structure of the Personality Assessment Inventory . Assessment , 2 : 173 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Demakis , G. J. , Hammond , F. , Knotts , A. , Cooper , D. B. , Clement , P. Kennedy , J. 2007 . The Personality Assessment Inventory in individuals with traumatic brain injury . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 22 : 123 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fava , J. L. and Velicer , W. F. 1992 . An empirical comparison of factor, image, component, and scale scores . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 27 : 301 – 322 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazier , T. W. , Naugle , R. I. and Haggerty , K. A. 2006 . Psychometric adequacy and comparability of the Short and Full Forms of the Personality Assessment Inventory . Psychological Assessment , 18 : 324 – 333 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glorfeld , L. W. 1995 . An improvement on Horn's parallel analysis methodology for selecting the correct number of factors to retain . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 55 : 377 – 393 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg , L. R. and Velicer , W. F. 2006 . “ Principles of exploratory factor analysis ” . In Differentiating normal and abnormal personality, , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Strack , S. 209 – 237 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Gorsuch , R. L. 1983 . Factor analysis, , 2nd ed. , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Gosling , S. D. and John , O. P. Personality dimensions in dogs, cats, and hyenas . Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Society . Washington, DC. June .
   Google Scholar
• Groves , J. A. and Engel , R. R. 2007 . The German adaptation and standardization of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) . Journal of Personality Assessment , 88 : 49 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayton , J. C. , Allen , D. G. and Scarpello , V. 2004 . Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis . Organizational Research Methods , 7 : 191 – 205 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmes , E. and Nielson , W. R. 1998 . An examination of the internal structure of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale in two medical samples . Personality and Individual Differences , 25 : 735 – 743 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendriks , A. A. J. , Perugini , M. , Angleitner , A. , Ostendorf , F. , Johnson , J. A. DeFruyt , F. 2003 . The Five-Factor Personality Inventory: Cross-cultural generalizability across 13 countries . European Journal of Personality , 17 : 347 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoelzle , J. B. and Meyer , G. J. 2008 . The factor structure of the MMPI–2 Restructured Clinical (RC) scales . Journal of Personality Assessment. , 90 : 443 – 455 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopwood , C. J. , Baker , K. L. and Morey , L. C. 2008 . Personality and drugs of choice . Personality and Individual Differences , 44 : 1413 – 1421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopwood , C. J. , Morey , L. C. , Rogers , R. and Sewell , K. 2007 . Malingering on the Personality Assessment Inventory: Identification of specific feigned disorders . Journal of Personality Assessment , 88 : 43 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubbard , R. and Allen , S. J. 1987 . An empirical comparison of alternative methods for principal components extraction . Journal of Business Research , 15 : 173 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser , H. F. 1960 . The application of electronic computers to factor analysis . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 20 : 141 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlin , B. E. , Creech , S. K. , Grimes , J. S. , Clark , T. S. , Meagher , M. W. and Morey , L. C. 2005 . The Personality Assessment Inventory with chronic pain patients: Psychometric properties and clinical utility . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 61 : 1571 – 1585 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtz , J. E. , Shealy , S. E. and Putnam , S. H. 2007 . Another look at paradoxical severity of effects in head injury with the Personality Assessment Inventory . Journal of Personality Assessment , 88 : 66 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger , R. F. 1999 . The structure of common mental disorders . Archives of General Psychiatry , 56 : 921 – 926 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longman , R. S. , Cota , A. A. , Holden , R. R. and Fekken , G. C. 1989 . A regression equation for the parallel analysis criterion in principal components analysis: Mean and 95th percentile eigenvalues . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 24 : 59 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCallum , R. C. , Widaman , K. F. , Zhang , S. and Hong , S. 1999 . Sample size in factor analysis . Psychological Methods , 4 : 84 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markon , K. E. , Krueger , R. F. and Watson , D. 2005 . Delineating the structure of normal and abnormal personality: An integrative hierarchical approach . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 88 : 139 – 157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrae , R. R. , Zonderman , A. B. , Costa , P. T. , Bond , M. H. and Paunonen , S. V. 1996 . Evaluating replicability of factors in the Revised NEO Personality Inventory: Confirmatory factor analysis versus Procrustes rotation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 70 : 552 – 566 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morey , L. C. 1991 . Personality Assessment Inventory: Professional manual , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Morey , L. C. 1997 . “ Personality diagnosis and personality disorders ” . In Handbook of personality psychology , Edited by: Hogan , R. , Johnson , J. and Briggs , S. 919 – 946 . New York : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Morey , L. C. 1999 . PAI interpretative explorer module manual , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Morey , L. C. 2007 . Personality Assessment Inventory: Professional manual, , 2nd ed. , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Morey , L. C. and Glutting , J. H. 1994 . “ The Personality Assessment Inventory and the measurement of normal and abnormal personality constructs ” . In Differentiating normal and abnormal personality , Edited by: Strack , S. and Lorr , M. 402 – 420 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• O'Connor , B. P. 2000 . SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer's MAP test . Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments & Computers , 23 : 396 – 402 .
   Google Scholar
• O'Connor , B. P. 2002 . The search for dimensional structure differences between normality and abnormality: A statistical review of published data on personality and psychopathology . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 83 : 962 – 982 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paunonen , S. V. and Ashton , M. C. 1998 . The structured assessment of personality across cultures . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 29 : 150 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff , L. 1977 . The CES–D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population . Applied Psychological Measurement , 1 : 385 – 401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schinka , J. A. 1995 . Personality Assessment Inventory scale characteristics and factor structure in the assessment of alcohol dependency . Journal of Personality Assessment , 64 : 101 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , U. and Verma , N. 2007 . Psychopathology among female breast cancer patients . Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology , 33 : 61 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick , B. G. and Fidell , L. S. 2001 . Using multivariate statistics, , 4th ed. , Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Tasca , G. A. , Wood , J. , Demidenko , N. and Bissada , H. 2002 . Using the PAI with an eating disorder population: Scale characteristics, factor structure, and differences among diagnostic groups . Journal of Personality Assessment , 79 : 337 – 356 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tellegen , A. , Ben-Porath , Y. S. , McNulty , J. L. , Arbisi , P. A. , Graham , J. R. and Kaemmer , B. 2003 . The MMPI 2 Restructured Clinical (RC) scales: Development, validation, and interpretation , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Terracciano , A. 2003 . The Italian version of the NEO–PI–R: Conceptual and empirical support for the use of targeted rotation . Personality and Individual Differences , 35 : 1859 – 1872 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Terracciano , A. , McCrae , R. R. and Costa , P. T. 2003 . Factorial and construct validity of the Italian Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) . European Journal of Psychological Assessment , 19 : 131 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velicer , W. F. 1976 . Determining the number of components from the matrix of partial correlations . Psychometrika , 31 : 321 – 327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velicer , W. F. , Eaton , C. A. and Fava , J. L. 2000 . “ Construct explication through factor or component analysis: A review and evaluation of alternative procedures for determining the number of factors or components ” . In Problems and solutions in human assessment: Honoring Douglas N. Jackson at seventy , Edited by: Goffin , R. E. and Helmes , E. 41 – 71 . Boston : Kluwer Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Velicer , W. F. and Fava , J. L. 1998 . Affects of variable and subject sampling on factor pattern recovery . Psychological Methods , 3 : 231 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velicer , W. F. and Jackson , D. N. 1990 . Component analysis versus common factor analysis: Some issues in selecting an appropriate procedure . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 25 : 1 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters , G. D. 2007 . Predicting institutional adjustment with the lifestyle criminality screening form and the Antisocial Features and Aggression scales of the PAI . Journal of Personality Assessment , 88 : 99 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , J. M. , Tataryn , D. J. and Gorsuch , R. L. 1996 . Effects of under- and over-extraction on principal axis factor analysis with varimax rotation . Psychological Methods , 1 : 354 – 365 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwick , W. R. and Velicer , W. F. 1982 . Factors influencing four rules for determing the number of components to retain . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 17 : 432 – 442 .
   Google Scholar
• Zwick , W. R. and Velicer , W. F. 1986 . Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain . Psychological Bulletin , 99 : 432 – 442 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar