Assessing Dependency Using Self-Report and Indirect Measures: Examining the Significance of Discrepancies

References

• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, , 4th ed. , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Asendorpf , J. B. , Banse , R. and Mucke , D. 2002 . Double dissociation between implicit and explicit personality self-concept: The case of shy behavior . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 83 : 380 – 393 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. , Rush , A. J. , Shaw , B. F. and Emery , G. 1979 . Cognitive therapy for depression , New York, NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. , Steer , R. A. and Brown , G. K. 1996 . Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory–II , San Antonio, TX : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. , Steer , R. A. and Garbin , M. G. 1998 . Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation . Clinical Psychology Review , 8 : 77 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard , D. D. , McGrath , R. E. , Pogge , D. L. and Khadivi , A. 2003 . A comparison of the PAI and MMPI–2 as predictors of faking bad in college students . Journal of Personality Assessment , 80 : 197 – 205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blatt , S. J. 1974 . Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression . Psychoanalytic Study of the Child , 29 : 107 – 157 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blatt , S. J. , D'Afflitti , J. P. and Quinlan , D. M. 1976 . Experiences of depression in normal young adults . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 85 : 383 – 389 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blatt , S. J. , Quinlan , D. M. , Chevron , E. S. , McDonald , C. and Zuroff , D. 1982 . Dependency and self-criticism: Psychological dimensions of depression . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 50 : 113 – 124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blatt , S. J. , Zohar , A. H. , Quinlan , D. M. , Zuroff , D. C. and Mongrain , M. 1995 . Subscales within the dependency factor of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire . Journal of Personality Assessment , 64 : 319 – 339 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blatt , S. J. and Zuroff , D. C. 1992 . Interpersonal Relatedness and self-definition: Two prototypes for depression . Clinical Psychology Review , 12 : 527 – 562 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein , R. F. 1992 . The dependent personality: Developmental, social, and clinical perspectives . Psychological Bulletin , 112 : 3 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein , R. F. 1993 . The dependent personality , New York, NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Bornstein , R. F. 1994 . Construct validity of the Interpersonal Dependency Inventory: 1977–1992 . Journal of Personality Disorders , 8 : 65 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein , R. F. 1997 . Long-term retest reliability of Interpersonal Dependency Inventory scores in college students . Assessment , 4 : 359 – 364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein , R. F. 1998 . Implicit and self-attributed dependency strivings: Differential relationships to laboratory and field measures of help-seeking . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 : 778 – 787 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein , R. F. 1999 . Criterion validity of objective and projective dependency tests: A meta-analytic assessment of behavioral prediction . Psychological Assessment , 11 : 48 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein , R. F. 2002 . A process dissociation approach to objective-projective test score interrelationships . Journal of Personality Assessment , 78 : 47 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein , R. F. , Bowers , K. S. and Bonner , S. 1996 . Relationships of objective and projective dependency scores to sex role orientation in college students . Journal of Personality Assessment , 66 : 555 – 568 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein , R. F. , Bowers , K. S. and Robinson , K. J. 1995 . Differential relationships of objective and projective dependency scores to self-reports of interpersonal life events in college student subjects . Journal of Personality Assessment , 65 : 255 – 269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein , R. F. , Rossner , S. C. and Hill , E. L. 1994 . Retest reliability of scores on objective and projective measures of dependency: Relationship to life events and intertest interval . Journal of Personality Assessment , 62 : 398 – 415 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosson , J. K. , Brown , R. P. , Zeigler-Hill , V. and Swann , W. B. 2003 . Self-enhancement tendencies among people with high explicit self-esteem: The moderating role of implicit self-esteem . Self and Identity , 2 : 169 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby , J. 1980 . Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss, separation, and depression , New York, NY : Basic .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , J. and Silberschatz , G. 1989 . Dependency, self-criticism, and depressive attributional style . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 98 : 187 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cogswell , A. 2008 . Explicit rejection of an implicit dichotomy: Integrating two approaches to assessing dependency . Journal of Personality Assessment , 90 : 26 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cogswell , A. , Alloy , L. B. and Spasojevic , J. 2006 . Neediness and interpersonal life stress: Does congruency predict depression? . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 30 : 427 – 443 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyne , J. C. and Whiffen , V. E. 1995 . Issues in personality as diathesis for depression: The case of sociotropy-dependency and autonomy-self-criticism . Psychological Bulletin , 118 : 358 – 378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egloff , B. and Schmukle , S. C. 2002 . Predictive validity of an Implicit Association Test for assessing anxiety . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 83 : 1441 – 1455 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio , R. H. and Olson , M. A. 2003 . Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and uses . Annual Review of Psychology , 54 : 297 – 327 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garb , H. N. , Wood , J. M. , Lilienfeld , S. O. and Nezworski , M. T. 2005 . Roots of the Rorschach controversy . Clinical Psychology Review , 25 : 97 – 118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G. and Farnham , S. D. 2000 . Using the Implicit Association Test to measure self-esteem and self-concept . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 79 : 1022 – 1038 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G. , McGhee , D. E. and Schwartz , J. L. K. 1998 . Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 : 1464 – 1480 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G. , Nosek , B. A. and Banaji , M. R. 2003 . Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 85 : 197 – 216 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschfeld , R. M. A. , Klerman , G. L. , Clayton , P. J. and Keller , M. B. 1983 . Personality and depression: Empirical findings . Archives of General Psychiatry , 40 : 993 – 998 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschfeld , R. M. A. , Klerman , G. L. , Gough , H. G. , Barrett , J. , Korchin , S. J. and Chodoff , P. 1977 . A measure of interpersonal dependency . Journal of Personality Assessment , 41 : 610 – 618 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan , C. H. , Spencer , S. J. , Zanna , M. P. , Hoshino-Brown , E. and Correll , J. 2003 . Secure and defensive high self-esteem . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 85 : 969 – 978 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpinski , A. and Steinman , R. B. 2006 . The Single Category Association Test as a measure of implicit social cognition . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 91 : 16 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masling , J. , Rabie , L. and Blondheim , S. H. 1967 . Obesity, level of aspiration, and Rorschach and TAT measures of oral dependence . Journal of Consulting Psychology , 31 : 233 – 239 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McBride , C. , Zuroff , D. C. , Bacchiochi , J. and Bagby , R. M. 2006 . Depressive Experiences Questionnaire: Does it measure maladaptive and adaptive forms of dependency? . Social Behavior and Personality , 34 : 1 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClelland , D. C. , Koestner , R. and Weinberger , J. 1989 . How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ? . Psychological Review , 96 : 690 – 702 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath , R. E. 2008 . The Rorschach in the context of performance-based personality assessment . Journal of Personality Assessment , 90 : 465 – 475 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer , G. J. , Riethmiller , R. J. , Brooks , R. D. , Benoit , W. A. and Handler , L. 2000 . A replication of Rorschach and MMPI-2 convergent validity . Journal of Personality Assessment , 74 : 175 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morey , L. C. 1991 . The Personality Assessment Inventory professional manual , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Nietzel , M. T. and Harris , M. J. 1990 . Relationship of dependency and achievement/autonomy to depression . Clinical Psychology Review , 10 : 279 – 297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulhus , D. L. 1991 . Enhancement and denial in socially desirable responding . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 60 : 307 – 317 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulhus , D. L. 1994 . Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding: Reference manual for BIDR Version 6 , Vancouver, British Columbia, , Canada : Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia . Unpublished manuscript
   Google Scholar
• Paulhus , D. L. and John , O. P. 1998 . Egoistic and moralistic biases in self-perception: The interplay of self-deceptive styles with basic traits and motives . Journal of Personality , 66 : 1025 – 1060 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peebles , J. and Moore , R. J. 1998 . Detecting socially desirable responding with the Personality Assessment Inventory: The Positive Impression Management Scale and the Defensiveness Index . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 54 : 621 – 628 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pincus , A. L. and Wilson , K. R. 2001 . Interpersonal variability in dependent personality . Journal of Personality , 69 : 223 – 251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , J. E. and Kassel , J. D. 1997 . Labile self-esteem, life stress, and depressive symptoms: Prospective data testing a model of vulnerability . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 21 : 569 – 589 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rude , S. S. and Burnham , B. L. 1995 . Connectedness and neediness: Factors of the DEQ and SAS dependency scales . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 19 : 323 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmukle , S. C. and Egloff , B. 2005 . A latent state-trait analysis of implicit and explicit personality measures . European Journal of Psychological Assessment , 21 : 100 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahar , G. 2008 . What measure of interpersonal dependency predicts changes in social support? . Journal of Personality Assessment , 90 : 61 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahar , G. and Priel , B. 2003 . Active vulnerability, adolescent distress, and the mediating/suppressing role of life events . Personality and Individual Differences , 35 : 199 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steer , R. A. and Clark , D. A. 1997 . Psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory–II with college students . Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development , 30 : 128 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , T. D. , Lindsey , S. and Schooler , T. Y. 2000 . A model of dual attitudes . Psychological Review , 107 : 101 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman , M. and Coryell , W. 1987 . The Inventory to Diagnose Depression (IDD): A self-report scale to diagnose major depressive disorder . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 55 : 55 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuroff , D. C. and Mongrain , M. 1987 . Dependency and self-criticism: Vulnerability factors for depressive affective states . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 96 : 14 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuroff , D. C. , Moskowitz , D. S. , Wielgus , M. S. , Powers , T. A. and Franko , D. L. 1983 . Construct validation of the Dependency and self-criticism scales of the DEQ . Journal of Research in Personality , 17 : 226 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuroff , D. C. , Quinlan , D. M. and Blatt , S. J. 1990 . Psychometric properties of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire . Journal of Personality Assessment , 55 : 65 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar