Computerized Adaptive Assessment of Personality Disorder: Introducing the CAT–PD Project

References

• American Psychiatric Association . 1980 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 3rd ed. , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th ed. , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Bender , D. S. , Dolan , R. T. , Skodol , A. E. , Sanislow , C. A. , Dyck , I. R. , McGlashan , T. H. and Gunderson , J. G. 2001 . Treatment utilization by patients with personality disorders . American Journal of Psychiatry , 158 : 295 – 302 . …
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butcher , J. N. 1987 . “ The use of computers in psychological assessment: An overview of practices and issues ” . In Computerized psychological assessment: A practitioner's guide , Edited by: Butcher , J. N. 292 – 324 . New York, NY : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Cella , D. , Riley , W. , Stone , A. , Rothrock , N. , Reeve , B. , Yount , S. and Hays , R. D. on behalf of the PROMIS Cooperative Group. (2010). Initial item banks and first wave testing of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) network: 2005–2008 . Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , 63 1179 – 1194 . …
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , L. A. 1993 . Schedule for nonadaptive and adaptive personality (SNAP): Manual for administration, scoring, and interpretation , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , L. A. 2007 . Assessment and diagnosis of personality disorder: Perennial issues and an emerging reconceptualization . Annual Review of Psychology , 58 : 227 – 257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , L. A. and Krueger , R. F. 2010 . Rationale for a six-domain trait dimensional diagnostic system for personality disorder Retrieved from http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/RationaleforaSix-DomainTraitDimensionalDiagnosticSystemforPersonalityDisorder.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Clark , L. A. , Livesley , W. J. and Morey , L. 1997 . Personality disorder assessment: The challenge of construct validity . Journal of Personality Disorders , 11 : 205 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , L. A. , Simms , L. J. , Wu , K. D. and Casillas , A. in press . Schedule for nonadaptive and adaptive personality-second ed. (SNAP–2): Manual for administration, scoring, and interpretation
   Google Scholar
• Clark , L. A. and Watson , D. 1995 . Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development . Psychological Assessment , 7 : 309 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , L. A. , Watson , D. and Reynolds , S. 1995 . Diagnosis and classification of psychopathology: Challenges to the current system and future directions . Annual Review of Psychology , 46 : 121 – 153 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran , W. G. and Cox , G. M. 1957 . Experimental designs , 2nd ed. , New York : NY : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Cyranowski , J. M. , Frank , E. , Winter , E. , Rucci , P. , Novick , D. , Pilkonis , P. and Kupfer , D. J. 2004 . Personality pathology and outcome in recurrently depressed women over 2 years of maintenance interpersonal psychotherapy . Psychological Medicine , 34 : 659 – 669 . …
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolan , B. , Evans , C. and Norton , K. 1995 . Multiple Axis-II diagnoses of personality disorder . British Journal of Psychiatry , 166 : 107 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreessen , L. and Arntz , A. 1998 . Short-interval test–retest interrater reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–III–R Personality Disorders (SCID–II) in outpatients . Journal of Personality Disorders , 12 : 138 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton , N. R. , Krueger , R. F. , South , S. C. , Simms , L. J. and Clark , L. A. in press . Contrasting prototypes and dimensions in the classification of personality pathology: Evidence that dimensions, but not prototypes, are robust . Psychological Medicine ,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekselius , L. , Tillfors , M. , Furmark , T. and Fredrikson , M. 2001 . Personality disorders in the general population: DSM–IV and ICD–10 defined prevalence as related to sociodemographic profile . Personality and Individual Differences , 30 : 311 – 320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Embretson , S. E. and Reise , S. P. 2000 . Item response theory for psychologists , Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Feske , U. , Mulsant , B. H. , Pilkonis , P. A. , Soloff , P. , Dolata , D. , Sackeim , H. A. and Haskett , R. F. 2004 . Clinical outcome of ECT in patients with major depression and comorbid borderline personality disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 161 : 2073 – 2080 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fossati , A. , Maffei , C. , Bagnato , M. , Battaglia , M. , Donati , D. , Donini , M. and Prolo , F. 2000 . Patterns of covariation of DSM–IV personality disorders in a mixed psychiatric sample . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 41 : 206 – 215 . …
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbons , R. D. , Bock , R. D. , Hedeker , D. , Weiss , D. J. , Segawa , E. , Bhaumik , D. K. and Stover , A. 2007 . Full-information bi-factor analysis of graded response data . Applied Psychological Measurement , 31 : 4 – 19 . …
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbons , R. D. , Weiss , D. J. , Kupfer , D. J. , Frank , E. , Fagiolini , A. , Grochocinski , V. J. and Immekus , J. C. 2008 . Using computerized adaptive testing to reduce the burden of mental health assessment . Psychiatric Services , 59 : 361 – 368 . …
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg , L. R. 1999 . “ A broad-bandwidth, public-domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several five-factor models ” . In Personality psychology in Europe , Edited by: Mervielde , I. , Deary , I. , De Fruyt , F. and Ostendorf , F. Vol. 7 , 7 – 28 . Tilburg, , The Netherlands : Tilburg University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg , L. R. , Johnson , J. A. , Eber , H. W. , Hogan , R. , Ashton , M. C. , Cloninger , C. R. and Gough , H. C. 2006 . The International Personality Item Pool and the future of public-domain personality measures . Journal of Research in Personality , 40 : 84 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosling , S. D. , Vazire , S. , Srivastava , S. and John , O. P. 2004 . Should we trust web-based studies? . American Psychologist , 59 : 93 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant , B. F. , Hasin , D. S. , Stinson , F. S. , Dawson , D. A. , Chou , S. P. , Ruan , W. J. and Huang , B. 2005 . Co-occurrence of 12-month mood and anxiety disorders in the US: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 39 : 1 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hambleton , R. K. and Swaminathan , H. 1985 . Item response theory: Principles and applications , Boston, MA : Kluwer-Nijhoff .
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , J. C. , Neuman , J. L. , Haverkamp , B. E. and Lubinski , B. R. 1997 . Comparison of user reaction to two methods of Strong Interest Inventory administration and report feedback . Measurement & Evaluation in Counseling & Development , 30 : 115 – 127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes , S. N. , Richard , D. C. S. and Kubany , E. S. 1995 . Content validity in psychological assessment: A functional approach to concepts and methods . Psychological Assessment , 7 : 238 – 247 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamakura , W. A. and Balasubramanian , S. K. 1989 . Tailored interviewing: An application of item response theory for personality measurement . Journal of Personality Assessment , 53 : 502 – 519 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livesley , W. J. and Jackson , D. N. 2009 . Dimensional assessment of personality pathology—Basic questionnaire: Technical manual , Port Huron, MI : Sigma Assessment Systems .
   Google Scholar
• Livesley , W. J. and Jang , K. L. 2000 . Toward an empirically based classification of personality disorder . Journal of Personality Disorders , 14 : 137 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livesley , W. J. , Jang , K. L. and Vernon , P. A. 1998 . The phenotypic and genetic structure of traits delineating personality disorder . Archives of General Psychiatry , 55 : 941 – 948 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loevinger , J. 1957 . Objective tests as instruments of psychological theory . Psychological Reports , 3 : 635 – 694 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord , F. M. 1980 . Applications of item response theory to practical testing problems , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Markon , K. E. , Krueger , R. F. and Watson , D. 2005 . Delineating the structure of normal and abnormal personality: An integrative hierarchical approach . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 88 : 139 – 157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , J. D. , Maples , J. , Few , L. R. , Morse , J. Q. , Yaggi , K. E. and Pilkonis , P. A. 2010 . Using clinician-rated five-factor model data to score the DSM–IV personality disorders . Journal of Personality Assessment , 92 : 296 – 305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills , C. N. 1999 . “ Development and introduction of a computer adaptive Graduate Record Examinations General Test ” . In Innovations in computerized assessment , Edited by: Drasgow , F. and Olson-Buchanan , J. B. 117 – 135 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Muraki , E. 1990 . Fitting a polytomous item response model to Likert-type data . Applied Psychological Measurement , 14 : 59 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldham , J. M. and Skodol , A. E. 2000 . Charting the future of Axis II . Journal of Personality Disorders , 14 : 17 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldham , J. M. , Skodol , A. E. , Kellman , H. D. , Hyler , S. E. , Doidge , N. , Rosnick , L. and Gallaher , P. E. 1995 . Comorbidity of Axis I and Axis II disorders . American Journal of Psychiatry , 152 : 571 – 578 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oltmanns , T. F. and Turkheimer , E. 2006 . “ Perceptions of self and others regarding pathological personality traits ” . In Personality and psychopathology , Edited by: Krueger , R. F. and Tackett , J. L. 71 – 111 . New York, NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Pilkonis , P. A. , Heape , C. L. , Proietti , J. M. , Clark , S. W. , McDavid , J. D. and Pitts , T. E. 1995 . The reliability and validity of two structured diagnostic interviews for personality disorders . Archives of General Psychiatry , 52 : 1025 – 1033 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pincus , A. and Gurtman , M. B. 2006 . “ The interpersonal circumplex and the interpersonal theory: Perspectives of personality and its pathology ” . In Differentiating normal and abnormal personality , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Strack , S. 83 – 112 . New York : NY: Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Piotrowski , C. 1999 . Assessment practices in the era of managed care: Current status and future directions . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 55 : 787 – 796 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piotrowski , C. , Belter , R. W. and Keller , J. W. 1998 . The impact of “managed care” on the practice of psychological testing: Preliminary findings . Journal of Personality Assessment , 70 : 441 – 447 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reckase , M. D. 1997 . The past and future of multidimensional item response theory . Applied Psychological Measurement , 21 : 25 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reich , J. 2003 . The effects of Axis II disorders on the outcome of treatment of anxiety and unipolar depressive disorders: A review . Journal of Personality Disorders , 17 : 387 – 405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reise , S. P. and Henson , J. M. 2000 . Computerization and adaptive administration of the NEO-PI-R . Assessment , 7 : 347 – 364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , E. W. 2000 . “ The application of computerized scoring programs to neuropsychological assessment ” . In Clinician's guide to neuropsychological assessment Edited by: Vanderploeg , R. D. 483 – 515 . Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
   Google Scholar
• Samejima , F. 1969 . Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores . Psychometrika Monographs , 34 ( 4, Pt. 2, Whole No. 17 )
   Google Scholar
• Samuels , J. , Eaton , W. W. , Bienvenu , O. J. , Brown , C. H. , Costa , P. T. Jr. and Nestadt , G. 2002 . Prevalence and correlates of personality disorders in a community sample . British Journal of Psychiatry , 180 : 536 – 542 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sands , W. A. , Waters , B. K. and McBride , J. R. 1997 . Computerized adaptive testing: From inquiry to operation , Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Shedler , J. and Westen , D. 2004 . Refining personality disorder diagnosis: Integrating science and practice . American Journal of Psychiatry , 161 : 1350 – 1365 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simms , L. J. and Clark , L. A. 2005 . Validation of a computerized adaptive version of the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality . Psychological Assessment , 17 : 28 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simms , L. J. and Watson , D. 2007 . “ The construct validation approach to personality scale construction ” . In Handbook of research methods in personality psychology , Edited by: Robins , R. , Fraley , C. and Krueger , R. 240 – 258 . New York, NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Skodol , A. E. , Oldham , J. M. , Bender , D. S. , Dyck , I. R. , Stout , R. L. , Morey , L. C. and Gunderson , J. G. 2005 . Dimensional representations of DSM–IV personality disorders: Relationships to functional impairment . American Journal of Psychiatry , 162 : 1919 – 1925 . …
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , T. L. and Benjamin , L. S. 2002 . The functional impairment associated with personality disorders . Current Opinion in Psychiatry , 15 : 135 – 141 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torgersen , S. , Kringlen , E. and Cramer , V. 2001 . The prevalence of personality disorders in a community sample . Archives of General Psychiatry , 58 : 590 – 596 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyrer , P. 2005 . The problem of severity in the classification of personality disorders . Journal of Personality Disorders , 19 : 309 – 314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vispoel , W. P. , Boo , J. and Bleiler , T. 2001 . Computerized and paper-and-pencil versions of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: A comparison of psychometric features and respondent preferences . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 61 : 461 – 474 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wainer , H. 2000 . Computerized adaptive testing: A primer , 2nd ed. , Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Waller , N. G. and Reise , S. P. 1989 . Computerized adaptive personality assessment: An illustration with the Absorption scale . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 : 1051 – 1058 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , D. J. 1985 . Adaptive testing by computer . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 53 : 774 – 789 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westen , D. , Shedler , J. and Bradley , R. 2006 . A prototype approach to personality disorder diagnosis . American Journal of Psychiatry , 163 : 846 – 856 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widiger , T. A. 1993 . The DSM–III–R categorical personality disorder diagnoses: A critique and an alternative . Psychological Inquiry , 4 : 75 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Widiger , T. A. and Clark , L. A. 2000 . Toward DSM–V and the classification of psychopathology . Psychological Bulletin , 126 : 946 – 963 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widiger , T. A. and Simonsen , E. 2005 . Alternative dimensional models of personality disorder: Finding a common ground . Journal of Personality Disorders , 19 : 110 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widiger , T. A. and Simonsen , E. 2006 . “ Alternative dimensional models of personality disorder: Finding a common ground ” . In Dimensional models of personality disorders: Refining the research agenda for DSM–V , Edited by: Widiger , T. A. , Simonsen , E. , Sirovatka , P. J. and Regier , D. A. 1 – 21 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Association .
   Google Scholar
• Widiger , T. A. and Trull , T. J. 2007 . Plate techtonics in the classification of personality disorder: Shifting to a dimensional model . American Psychologist , 62 : 71 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 1992 . ICD–10 Classifications of Mental and Behavioural Disorder: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines , Geneva : Author . Switzerland
   Google Scholar
• Yates , B. T. and Taub , J. 2003 . Assessing the costs, benefits, cost-effectiveness, and cost-benefit of psychological assessment: We should, we can, and here's how . Psychological Assessment , 15 : 478 – 495 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanarini , M. C. , Skodol , A. E. , Bender , D. , Dolan , R. , Sanislow , C. , Schaefer , E. and Gunderson , J. G. 2000 . The Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study: Reliability of Axis I and II diagnoses . Journal of Personality Disorders , 14 : 291 – 299 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman , M. , Rothschild , L. and Chelminski , I. 2005 . The prevalence of DSM–IV personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients . American Journal of Psychiatry , 162 : 1911 – 1918 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar