1,497
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARTICLES

Assessing Ego Defense Mechanisms by Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties and Psychopathological Correlates of the Greek Version of the Plutchik's Life Style Index

, , , , , & show all
Pages 605-617 | Received 29 May 2010, Published online: 14 Oct 2011

References

  • Altman , D. G. 1991 . Practical statistics for medical research , London : Chapman & Hall .
  • American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th ed. , Washington, DC : Author .
  • Anastasi , A. 1976 . Psychological testing , 4th ed. , New York, NY : Macmillan .
  • Andrews , G. , Pollock , C. and Stewart , G. 1989 . The determination of defense style by questionnaire . Archives of General Psychiatry, , 46 : 455 – 460 .
  • Apter , A. , Plutchik , R. , Sevy , S. , Korn , M. , Brown , S. and van Praag , H. 1989 . Defense mechanisms in risk of suicide and risk of violence . American Journal of Psychiatry, , 146 : 1027 – 1031 .
  • Barron , F. 1953 . An ego strength scale which predicts response to psychotherapy . Journal of Consulting Psychology, , 17 : 327 – 333 .
  • Bond , M. 1992 . “ An empirical study of defense styles: The Defense Style Questionnaire ” . In Ego mechanisms of defense: A guide for clinicians and researchers , Edited by: Vaillant , G. E. 127 – 138 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
  • Bond , M. 2004 . Empirical studies of defense style: Relationships with psychopathology and change . Harvard Review of Psychiatry, , 12 : 263 – 278 .
  • Bond , M. , Gardner , S. T. , Christian , J. and Sigal , J. J. 1983 . Empirical study of self-rated defense styles . Archives of General Psychiatry, , 40 : 333 – 338 .
  • Bond , M. , Perry , J. C. , Gautier , M. , Goldberg , M. , Oppenheimer , J. and Simand , J. 1989 . Validating the self-report of defense styles . Journal of Personality Disorders, , 3 : 101 – 112 .
  • Bullitt , C. W. and Farber , B. A. 2002 . Gender differences in defensive style . The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, , 30 : 35 – 51 .
  • Campbell , D. T. and Fiske , D. W. 1959 . Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait–multimethod matrix . Psychological Bulletin, , 56 : 81 – 105 .
  • Chodorow , N. 1978 . The reproduction of mothering: Psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender , Los Angeles : University of California Press .
  • Cohn , L. D. 1991 . Sex differences in the course of personality development: A meta-analysis . Psychological Bulletin, , 109 : 252 – 266 .
  • Conte , H. R. and Apter , A. 1995 . “ The life style index: A self-report measure of ego defenses ” . In Ego defenses: Theory and measurement , Edited by: Conte , H. R. and Plutchik , R. 179 – 201 . New York, NY : Wiley .
  • Cramer , P. 1988 . The Defense Mechanism Inventory: A review of research and discussion of the scales . Journal of Personality Assessment, , 52 : 142 – 164 .
  • Cramer , P. 1991 . The development of defense mechanisms: Theory, research and assessment: Empirical studies in psychoanalytic theories, vol. 10 (pp. 81–127) , New York, NY : Springer .
  • Cramer , P. 2002 . “ The study of defense mechanisms: Gender implications ” . In The psychodynamics of gender and gender role , Edited by: Bornstein , R. F. and Masling , J. M. Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Derogatis , L. R. 1994 . SCL–90–R: Administration, scoring, and procedure manual , 3rd ed. , Minneapolis, MN : National Computer Systems .
  • Derogatis , L. R. , Rickels , K. and Rock , A. F. 1976 . The SCL–90 and the MMPI: A step in the validation of a new self-report scale . British Journal of Psychiatry, , 128 : 280 – 289 .
  • Donias , S. , Karastergiou , A. and Manos , N. 1991 . Standardization of the Symptom Checklist–90–R rating scale in a Greek population . Psychiatriki, , 2 : 42 – 48 .
  • Endresen , I. M. 1991 . A Norwegian translation of the Plutchik questionnaire for psychological defense . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, , 32 : 105 – 113 .
  • Endresen , I. M. , Vaernes , R. , Ursin , H. and Toder , O. 1987 . Psychological stress-factors and concentration of immunoglobulins and complement components in Norwegian nurses . Work and Stress, , 1 : 365 – 375 .
  • Fenichel , O. 1945 . The psychoanalytic theory of neurosis , New York, NY : Norton .
  • Freud , A. 1966 . The ego and the mechanisms of defense , New York, NY : International Universities Press .
  • Freud , S. 1957 . “ On the history of the psychoanalitic movement ” . In The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud , Edited by: Strachey , J. Vol. 14 , 3 – 66 . London : Hogarth . Original work published 1914
  • Graham , J. R. 2000 . MMPI–2: Assessing personality and psychopathology , 3rd ed. , New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
  • Greenberg , J. R. and Mitchell , S. A. 1983 . Object relations and psychoanalytic theory , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Hyphantis , T. 2010 . The Greek version of the Defense Style Questionnaire: Psychometric properties in 3 different samples . Comprehensive Psychiatry, , 51 : 618 – 629 .
  • Hyphantis , T. , Kaltsouda , A. , Triantafillidis , J. K. , Platis , O. , Karadagi , S. , Christou , C. and Mavreas , V. 2005 . Personality correlates of adherence to type 2 diabetes regimens . International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, , 35 : 103 – 107 .
  • Hyphantis , T. , Katsoudas , S. and Voudiclari , S. 2010 . Ego mechanisms of defense are associated with patients’ preference of treatment modality independent of psychological distress in end-stage renal disease . Patient Preference and Adherence, , 4 : 25 – 32 .
  • Hyphantis , T. , Tomenson , B. , Bai , M. , Tsianos , E. , Mavreas , V. and Creed , F. 2010 . Psychological distress, somatization and defense mechanisms associated with quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease patients . Digestive Diseases and Sciences, , 55 : 724 – 732 .
  • Jacobson , A. M. , Beardslee , W. , Hauser , S. T. , Noam , G. G. , Powers , S. I. and Gelfand , E. 1992 . “ Ego defense mechanisms manual ” . In Ego mechanisms of defense: A guide for clinicians and researchers , Edited by: Vaillant , G. E. 261 – 278 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
  • Kanefield , L. 1985 . Psychoanalytic constructions of female development and women's conflicts about achievement: Part II . Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, , 13 : 347 – 366 .
  • Kernberg , O. 1967 . Borderline personality organization . Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, , 15 : 641 – 685 .
  • Klein , M. 1957 . Envy and gratitude , London : Tavistock .
  • Koeter , M. W. 1992 . Validity of the GHQ and SCL anxiety and depression scales: A comparative study . Journal of Affective Disorders, , 24 : 271 – 279 .
  • Kolb , L. C. 1968 . Noyes’ modern clinical psychiatry , Philadelphia, PA : Saunders .
  • Miles , J. and Shevlin , M. 2003 . Applying regression and correlation , London : Sage .
  • Muthén , L. K. and Muthén , B. O. 1998–2007 . Mplus user's guide , 5th ed. , Los Angeles, CA : Muthén & Muthén .
  • Nie , N. H. , Hull , C. H. , Jenkins , J. G. , Steinbrenner , K. and Bent , D. H. 1975 . Statistical Package for Social Sciences. , New York : McGraw-Hill .
  • Olff , M. and Endresen , I. 1991 . “ The Dutch and the Norwegian translations of the Plutchik questionnaire for psychological defense ” . In Defense and coping: Self-reported health and psychobiological correlates , Edited by: Olff , M. 57 – 69 . Utrecht, , The Netherlands : ISOR .
  • Paika , V. , Almyroudi , A. , Tomenson , B. , Creed , F. , Kampletsas , E. O. , Siafaka , V. and Hyphantis , T. 2010 . Personality variables are associated with bowel cancer patients’ quality of life independent of psychological distress and disease severity . Psycho-oncology, , 19 : 273 – 282 .
  • Pappa , C. , Hyphantis , T. , Pappa , S. , Aspiotis , M. , Stefaniotou , M. , Kitsos , G. and Mavreas , V. 2006 . Psychiatric manifestations and personality traits associated with compliance with glaucoma treatment . Journal of Psychosomatic Research, , 61 : 609 – 617 .
  • Perry , J. C. 1990 . Defense Mechanism Rating Scales , 5th ed. , Cambridge, MA : Author . DMRS
  • Perry , J. C. and Cooper , S. 1989 . An empirical study of defense mechanisms: I. Clinical interview and life vignettes ratings . Archives of General Psychiatry, , 46 : 444 – 452 .
  • Perry , J. C. , Hoglend , P. , Shear , K. , Vaillant , G. E. , Horowitz , M. , Kardos , M. E. and Kagan , D. 1998 . Field trial of a diagnostic axis for defense mechanisms for DSM–IV . Journal of Personality Disorders, , 12 : 56 – 68 .
  • Petraglia , J. , Thygesen , K. L. , Lecours , S. and Drapeau , M. 2009 . Gender differences in self-reported defense mechanisms: A study using the new Defense Style Questionnaire–60 . American Journal of Psychotherapy, , 63 : 87 – 99 .
  • Plutchik , R. 1980 . Emotion: A psychoevolutionary synthesis , New York, NY : Harper & Row .
  • Plutchik , R. 1995 . “ A theory of ego defenses ” . In Ego defenses: Theory and measurement , Edited by: Conte , H. R. and Plutchik , R. 13 – 36 . New York, NY : Wiley .
  • Plutchik , R. and Conte , H. R. 1989 . “ Measuring emotions and their derivatives: Personality traits, ego defenses and coping styles ” . In Contemporary approaches to psychological assessment (pp. 239–269) , Edited by: Wetzler , A. and Katz , B. New York, NY : Brunner-Mazel .
  • Plutchik , R. , Kellerman , H. and Conte , H. R. 1979 . “ A structural theory of ego defenses and emotions ” . In Emotions in personality and psychopathology , Edited by: Izard , C. E. 229 – 256 . New York, NY : Plenum .
  • Rosen , E. 1958 . Translation and adaptation of personality tests for use in other cultures , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota .
  • Sammallahti , P. R. , Holi , M. J. , Komulainen , E. J. and Aalberg , V. A. 1996 . Comparing two self-report measures of coping—The Sense of Coherence Scale and the Defense Style Questionnaire . Journal of Clinical Psychology, , 52 : 517 – 524 .
  • San Martini , P. , Roma , P. , Sarti , S. , Lingiardi , V. and Bond , M. 2004 . Italian version of the Defense Style Questionnaire . Comprehensive Psychiatry, , 45 : 483 – 494 .
  • Schermelleh-Engel , K. , Moosbrugger , H. and Moller , H. 2003 . Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures . Methods of Psychological Research Online, , 8 : 23 – 74 .
  • Schmitz , N. , Kruse , J. , Heckrath , C. , Alberti , L. and Tress , W. 1999 . Diagnosing mental disorders in primary care: The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and the Symptom Check List (SCL–90–R) as screening instruments . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, , 34 : 360 – 366 .
  • Simonsen , E. and Mortensen , E. 1990 . Difficulties in translation of personality scales . Journal of Personality Disorders, , 4 : 290 – 296 .
  • Soldz , S. and Vaillant , G. E. 1998 . A 50-year longitudinal study of defense use among inner city men: A validation of the DSM–IV defense axis . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, , 186 : 104 – 111 .
  • Stevens , J. P. 1992 . Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences , 2nd ed. , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Symonds , P. M. 1945 . Defenses: The dynamics of human adjustment , New York, NY : Appleton-Century-Crofts .
  • Tori , C. D. and Bilmes , M. 2002 . Multiculturalism and psychoanalytic psychology: The validation of a defense mechanisms measure in an Asian population . Psychoanalytic Psychology, , 19 : 701 – 721 .
  • Trochim , W. M. 2006 . The research methods knowledge base , 2nd ed. Retrieved from http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/
  • Tseng , W.-S. , Chang , S.-C. and Nishizono , M. 2005 . Asian culture and psychotherapy: Implications for East and West , Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press .
  • Vaernes , R. J. , Knardahl , S. , Ramsing , J. , Aakvaag , A. , Tonder , O. , Walther , B. and Ursin , H. 1988 . Relations between environmental problems, psychology and health among shift-workers in the Norwegian process industry . Work and Stress, , 2 : 7 – 15 .
  • Vaillant , G. E. 1992 . Ego mechanisms of defense: A guide for clinicians and researchers , Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
  • Vaillant , G. E. , Bond , M. and Vaillant , C. O. 1986 . An empirically validated hierarchy of defense mechanisms . Archives of General Psychiatry, , 43 : 786 – 794 .
  • Varsou-Adamou , A. 1996 . Ego-Strength scale in normal Greek population as well as in different psychopathological conditions Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
  • Vassiliou , V. G. and Vassiliou , G. 1973 . The implicative meaning of the Greek concept of philotimo . Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, , 4 : 326 – 341 .
  • Wirt , R. D. 1955 . Further validation of the Ego-Strength scale . Journal of Consulting Psychology, , 20 : 123 – 124 .
  • World Health Organization. 1992 . “ International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD–10) ” . Geneva, , Switzerland : Author .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.