Universal Worth: Construct and Scale Development

References

• Aluja , A. , Kuhlman , M. and Zuckerman , M. 2010 . Development of the Zuckerman–Kuhlman–Aluja Personality Questionnaire (ZKA–PQ); A factor/facet version of the Zuckerman–Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ) . Journal of Personality Assessment, , 92 : 416 – 431 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister , R. F. , Campbell , J. D. , Krueger , J. I. and Vohs , K. D. 2003 . Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? . Psychological Science in the Public Interest, , 4 : 1 – 44 . doi: doi: 10.1111/1529-1006.01431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , R. and McDonald , A. 2004 . Attachment to God: The Attachment to God Inventory, tests of working model correspondence, and an exploration of faith group differences . Journal of Psychology and Theology, , 32 : 92 – 103 . doi: doi: 0091-6471/410-730
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beer , A. and Watson , D. 2009 . The Individual and Group Loyalty Scales (IGLS): Construction and preliminary validation . Journal of Personality Assessment, , 91 : 277 – 287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beretvas , S. N. , Meyers , J. L. and Leite , W. L. 2002 . A reliability generalization study of the Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability scale . Educational and Psychological Measurement, , 62 : 570 – 589 . doi: doi: 10.1177/0013164402062004003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bushman , B. J. , Baumeister , R. F. , Thomaes , S. , Ryu , E. , Begeer , S. and West , S. G. 2009 . Looking again, and harder, for a link between low self-esteem and aggression . Journal of Personality, , 77 : 427 – 446 . doi: doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00553.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bushman , B. J. , Bonacci , A. M. , van Dijk , M. and Baumeister , R. F. 2003 . Narcissism, sexual refusal, and aggression: Testing a narcissistic reactance model of sexual coercion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, , 84 : 1027 – 1040 . doi: doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.1027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , L. B. , Bruce , A. J. , Harman , M. J. and Boccaccini , M. T. 2009 . Differentiated styles of attachment to God and varying religious coping efforts . Journal of Psychology and Theology, , 37 : 134 – 141 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa , P. T. and McCrae , R. R. 1992 . NEO Personality Inventory–Revised professional manual , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Crocker , J. , Luhtanen , R. K. , Cooper , M. L. and Bouvrette , A. 2003 . Contingencies of self-worth in college students: Theory and measurement . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, , 85 : 894 – 908 . doi: doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crocker , J. and Park , L. E. 2004 . The costly pursuit of self-esteem . Psychological Bulletin, , 130 : 392 – 414 . doi: doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowne , D. P. and Marlowe , D. 1960 . A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology . Journal of Consulting Psychology, , 24 : 349 – 354 . doi: doi: 10.1037/h0047358
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Exline , J. J. , Baumeister , R. F. , Bushman , B. J. , Campbell , W. K. and Finkel , E. J. 2004 . Too proud to let go: Narcissistic entitlement as a barrier to forgiveness . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, , 87 : 894 – 912 . doi: doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsyth , D. R. , Lawrence , N. K. , Burnette , J. L. and Baumeister , R. F. 2007 . Attempting to improve the academic performance of struggling college students by bolstering their self-esteem: An intervention that backfired . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, , 26 : 447 – 459 . doi: doi: 10.1521/jscp.2007.26.4.447
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg , L. R. 1999 . “ A broad-bandwidth, public domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several five-factor models ” . In Personality psychology in Europe , Edited by: Mervielde , I. , Deary , I. , Fruyt , De F. and Ostendorf , F. Vol. 7 , 7 – 28 . Tilburg, , The Netherlands : Tilburg University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg , J. , Pyszczynski , T. , Solomon , S. , Rosenblatt , A. , Veeder , M. , Kirkland , S. and Lyon , D. 1990 . Evidence for terror management theory II: The effects of mortality salience on reaction to those who threaten or bolster the cultural worldview . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, , 58 308–318. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.308
   Google Scholar
• Haynes , S. N. , Richard , D. C. S. and Kubany , E. S. 1995 . Content validity in psychological assessment: A functional approach to concepts and methods . Psychological Assessment, , 7 : 238 – 247 . doi: doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kincaid , J. P. , Fishburne , R. P. , Rogers , R. L. and Chissom , B. S. 1975 . Derivation of new readability formulas (Automated Readability Index, Fog Count, and Flesch Reading Ease Formula) for Navy enlisted personnel , Millington, TN : Naval Technical Training, U.S. Naval Air Station . (Research Branch Rep. No. 8–75)
   Google Scholar
• Leary , M. R. 1999 . Making sense of self-esteem . Current Directions in Psychological Science, , 8 : 32 – 35 . doi: doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke , K. D. 2009 . Aggression, narcissism, self-esteem, and the attribution of desirable and humanizing traits to self and others . Journal of Research in Personality, , 43 : 99 – 102 . doi: doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2008.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luhtanen , R. K. and Crocker , J. 2005 . Alcohol use in college students: Effects of level of self-esteem, narcissism, and contingencies of self-worth . Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, , 19 : 99 – 103 . doi: doi: 10.1037/0893-164X.19.1.99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrae , R. R. and Costa , P. T. Jr. 2008 . “ The five factor theory of personality ” . In Handbook of personality: Theory and research , 3rd ed. , Edited by: John , O. P. , Robins , R. W. and Pervin , L. A. New York, NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Neff , K. D. 2003 . The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion . Self and Identity, , 2 : 223 – 250 . doi: doi: 10.1080/15298860309027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff , K. D. and Vonk , R. 2009 . Self-compassion versus global self-esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself . Journal of Personality, , 77 : 23 – 50 . doi: doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00537.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols , J. G. , Licht , B. G. and Pearl , R. A. 1982 . Some dangers of using personality questionnaires to study personality . Psychological Bulletin, , 92 : 572 – 580 .
   Google Scholar
• Niiya , Y. , Ballantine , R. , North , M. S. and Crocker , J. 2008 . Gender, contingencies of and achievement goals as predictors of academic cheating in a controlled laboratory setting . Basic and Applied Social Psychology, , 30 : 76 – 83 . doi: doi: 10.1080/01973530701866656
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norenzayan , A. , Dar-Nimrod , I. , Hansen , I. G. and Proulx , T. 2008 . Mortality salience and religion: Divergent effects on the defense of cultural worldviews for the religious and non-religious . European Journal of Social Psychology, , 39 : 101 – 113 . doi: doi: 10.1002/ejsp.482
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien , E. J. and Epstein , S. 1988 . MSEI: The Multidimensional Self-Esteem Inventory , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Piedmont , R. 2004 . Assessment of Spirituality and Religious Sentiments (ASPIRES) technical manual , Columbia, MD : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Pyszczynski , T. , Greenberg , J. , Solomon , S. , Arndt , J. and Schimel , J. 2004 . Why do people need self-esteem? A theoretical and empirical review . Psychological Bulletin, , 130 : 435 – 468 . doi: doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinette , R. L. 1991 . The relationship between the Marlowe–Crowne and the validity scales of the MMPI . Journal of Clinical Psychology, , 47 : 396 – 399 . doi: doi: 10.1002/1097-4679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , M. 1965 . Society and adolescent self-image , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University .
   Google Scholar
• Rothschild , Z. K. , Abdollahi , A. and Pyszczynski , T. 2009 . Does peace have a prayer? The effect of mortality salience, compassionate values, and religious fundamentalism on hostility toward out-groups . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, , 45 : 816 – 827 . doi: doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.05.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahdra , B. K. , Shaver , P. R. and Brown , K. W. 2010 . A scale to measure nonattachment: A Buddhist complement to western research on attachment and adaptive functioning . Journal of Personality Assessment, , 92 : 116 – 127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmivalli , C. , Kaukiainen , A. , Kaistaniemi , L. and Lagerspetz , K. M. J. 1999 . Self-evaluated self-esteem, peer-evaluated self-esteem, and defensive egotism as predictors of adolescents’ participation in bullying situations . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, , 25 : 1268 – 1278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargent , J. T. , Crocker , J. and Luhtanen , R. K. 2006 . Contingencies of self-worth and depressive symptoms in college students . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, , 25 : 628 – 646 . doi: doi: 10.1521/jscp.2006.25.6.628
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann , W. B. , Chang-Schneider , C. and McClarty , K. L. 2007 . Do people's self-view matter? Self-concept and self-esteem in everyday life . American Psychologist, , 62 : 84 – 94 . doi: doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.62.2.84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomaes , S. , Bushman , B. J. , Stegge , H. and Olthof , T. 2008 . Trumping shame by blasts of noise: Narcissism, self-esteem, shame, and aggression in young adults . Child Development, , 79 : 1792 – 1801 . doi: doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01226.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar