Not Me, But Reflects Me: Validating a Simple Implicit Measure of Psychological Capital

References

• Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., & Luthans, F. (2011). Experimentally analyzing the impact of leader positivity on follower positivity and performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 22, 282–294. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.02.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2010). The additive value of positive psychological capital in predicting work attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Management, 36, 430–452. doi:10.1177/0149206308329961.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avey, J., Reichard, R., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K. (2011). Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22, 127–152. doi:10.1002/hrdq.20070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Back, M., Schmukle, S., & Egloff, B. (2009). Predicting actual behavior from the explicit and implicit self-concept of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 533–548. doi:10.1037/a0016229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
   Google Scholar
• Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1–26. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00688.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, C. M., Ones, D. S., & Sackett, P. R. (2007). Interpersonal deviance, organizational deviance, and their common correlates: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 410–424. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, R., & Robinson, S. (2000). Development of a measure of workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 349–360. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.3.349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–606. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowling, N., & Johnson, R. E. (2013). Measuring implicit content and processes at work: A new frontier within the organizational sciences. Human Resource Management Review, 23, 203–204. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2012.12.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162) (Eds.).. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, N., Daniels, M., & Zickar, M. (2013). Projective testing: Historical foundations and uses for human resource management. Human Resource Management Review, 23, 205–218. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2012.12.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, F., Bollen, K. A., Paxton, P., Curran, P. J., & Kirby, J. B. (2001). Improper solutions in structural equation models: Causes, consequences, and strategies. Sociological Methods & Research, 29, 468–508. doi:10.1177/0049124101029004003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiaburu, D. S., Oh, I.-S., Berry, C. M., Li, N., & Gardner, R. G. (2011). The five-factor model of personality traits and organizational citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 1140–1166. doi:10.1037/a0024004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, E., & Kim, S. (2015). Cronbach's coefficient alpha: Well known but poorly understood. Organizational Research Methods, 18, 207–230. doi:10.1177/1094428114555994.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Credé, M., Harms, P. D., Nierhorster, S., & Gaye-Valentine, A. (2012). An evaluation of the consequences of using short measures of the Big Five personality traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 874–888. doi:10.1037/a0027403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawkins, S., Martin, A., Scott, J., & Sanderson, K. (2013). Building on the positives: A psychometric review and critical analysis of the construct of Psychological Capital. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86, 348–370. doi:10.1111/joop.12007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeSimone, J. A., Harms, P. D., Vanhove, A. J., & Herian, M. N. (2017). Development and validation of the Five-by-five Resilience Scale. Assessment, 24, 778–797. doi:10.1177/1073191115625803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnellan, M. B., Oswald, F. L., Baird, B. M., & Lucas, R. E. (2006). The Mini-IPIP scales: Tiny-yet-effective measures of the Big Five factors of personality. Psychological Assessment, 18, 192–203. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.2.192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doty, D. H., & Glick, W. H. (1998). Common method bias: Does common methods variance really bias results? Organizational Research Methods, 1, 374–406. doi:10.1177/109442819814002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gooty, J., Gavin, M., Johnson, P., Frazier, L., & Snow, D. (2009). In the eyes of the beholder: Transformational leadership, positive psychological capital and performance. Journal of Leadership and Organization Studies, 15, 353–357. doi:10.1177/1548051809332021.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464–1480. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haines, E., & Sumner, K. (2013). Digging deeper or piling it higher? Implicit measurement in organizational behavior and human resource management. Human Resource Management Review, 23, 229–241. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2012.12.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harms, P. D., & Luthans, F. (2012). Measuring implicit psychological constructs in organizational behavior: An example using psychological capital. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33, 589–594. doi:10.1002/job.1785.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harms, P. D., & Spain, S. M. (2014). Follower perceptions deserve a closer look. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 7, 187–191. doi:10.1111/iops.12130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harms, P. D., Vanhove, A., & Luthans, F. (2017). Positive projections and health. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 66, 78–102. doi:10.1111/apps.12077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harms, P. D., & Wood, D. (2016). Bouncing back to the future: A look at the road ahead for the assessment of resilience. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 9, 436–442. doi:10.1017/iop.2016.35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann, W., Gawroski, B., Gschwendner, T., Le, H., & Schmitt, M. (2005). A meta-analysis of the correlation between the implicit association test and explicit self-report measures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1369–1385. doi:10.1177/0146167205275613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogan, R., & Nicholson, R. A. (1988). The meaning of personality test scores. American Psychologist, 43, 621–626. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.43.8.621.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurtz, G. M., & Donovan, J. J. (2000). Personality and job performance: The Big Five revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 869–879. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.6.869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, L. R. (1998). Measurement of personality via conditional reasoning. Organizational Research Methods, 1, 131–163. doi:10.1177/109442819812001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, L. R., & LeBreton, J. M. (2010). Assessing the implicit personality via Conditional Reasoning. Washington, D.C: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. W. (2000). A heuristic method for estimating the relative weight of predictor variables in multiple regression. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 35, 1–19. doi:10.1207/S15327906MBR3501_1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. W., & LeBreton, J. M. (2004). History and use of relative importance indices in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 7, 238–257. doi:10.1177/1094428104266510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, R., & Saboe, K. (2011). Measuring implicit traits in organizational research: Development of an indirect measure of employee implicit self-concept. Organizational Research Methods, 14, 530–547. doi:10.1177/1094428110363617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judge, T. A., Heller, D., & Mount, M. K. (2002). Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 530–541. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehr, H. (2004). Integrating implicit motives, explicit motives, and perceived abilities: The compensatory model of work motivation and volition. Academy of Management Review, 29, 479–499. doi:10.5465/amr.2004.13670963.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 3rd ed. NewYork: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Krasikova, D., LeBreton, J. M., & Tonidandel, S. (2011). Estimating the relative importance of variables in multiple regression models. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 26, 119–141.
   Google Scholar
• Krasikova, D., Lester, P. B., & Harms, P. D. (2015). Effects of psychological capital on mental health and substance abuse. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 22, 280–291. doi:10.1177/1548051815585853.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latham, G., Stajkovic, A., & Locke, E. (2010). The relevance and viability of subconscious goals in the workplace. Journal of Management, 36, 234–255. doi:10.1177/0149206309350777.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBel, E., & Paunonen, S. (2011). Sexy but often unreliable: The impact of unreliability on the replicability of experimental findings with implicit measures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 570–583. doi:10.1177/0146167211400619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBreton, J. M., Hargis, M. B., Griepentrog, B., Oswald, F. L., & Ployhart, R. E. (2007). A multidimensional approach for evaluating variables in organizational research and practice. Personnel Psychology, 60, 475–498. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00080.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilienfeld, S. O., Wood, J., & Garb, H. (2000). The scientific status of projective techniques. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 1, 27–66. doi:10.1111/1529-1006.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luthans, F. (2002a).The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 695–706. doi:10.1002/job.165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luthans, F. (2002b). Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths. Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), 57–72.
   Google Scholar
• Luthans, F., Avolio, B., Avey, J., & Norman, S. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60, 541–572. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., Sweetman, D., & Harms, P. (2013). Meeting the leadership challenge of employee well-being through relationship PsyCap and health PsyCap. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 20, 114–129. doi:10.1177/1548051812465893.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luthans, F., & Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2017). Psychological capital: An evidence-based positive approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 339–366. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113324.
   Google Scholar
• Luthans, F., Youssef-Morgan, C. M., & Avolio, B. (2015). Psychological capital and beyond. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227–239. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClelland, D., Koestner, R., & Weinberger, J. (1989). How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ? Psychological Review, 96, 690–702. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.96.4.690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, W. (2002). Origin and history of the earliest Thematic Apperception Test. Journal of Personality Assessment, 79, 422–445. doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA7903_03.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2013). Mplus (Version 7.11) [Computer software]. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Newman, A., Ucbasaran, D., Zhu, F., & Hirst, G. (2014). Psychological capital: A review and synthesis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, S120–S138. doi:10.1002/job.1916.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, J. L., & Mueller, C. W. (1986). Handbook of organizational measurement. Marshfield, Mass: Pitman.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, B. W., Harms, P. D., Smith, J., Wood, D., & Webb, M. (2006). Methods in personality psychology. In M. Eid, & E. Diener & Handbook of psychological assessment: A multimethod perspective (pp. 321–335) (Eds.).. Washington, D.C: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Schultheiss, O. C. (2008). Implicit motives. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 603–633) (Eds.).. New York: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Schultheiss, O., Yankova, D., Dirlikov, B., & Schad, D. (2009). Are implicit and explicit measures statistically independent? A fair and balanced test using the picture story exercise and a cue- and response-matched questionnaire method. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 72–81. doi:10.1080/00223890802484456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E. P. (1998). Learned optimism. New York: Pocket Books.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R., Irving, L., & Anderson, J. (1991). Hope and health: Measuring the will and the ways. In C. R. Snyder & D. R. Forsyth Handbook of social and clinical psychology (pp. 285–305) (Eds.).. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R., Shorey, H. S., Cheavens, J., Pulvers, K. M., Adams III, V. H., & Wiklund, C. (2002). Hope and academic success in college. Journal of EducationalPsychology, 94, 820–826.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokolowski, K., Schmalt, H., Langens, T., & Puca, R. (2000). Assessing achievement, affiliation, and power motives all at once: The multi-motive grid (MMG). Journal of Personality Assessment, 74, 126–145. doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA740109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1998). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 240–261. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton, J. M., Sinar, E. F., Balzar, W. K., & Smith, P. C. (2002). Issues and strategies for reducing the length of self-report scales. Personnel Psychology, 55, 167–194. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2002.tb00108.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhlmann, E., Leavitt, K., Menges, J., Koopman, J., Howe, M., & Johnson, R. (2012). Getting explicit about the implicit: A taxonomy of implicit measures and guide for their use in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 15, 553–601. doi:10.1177/1094428112442750.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3, 4–70. doi:10.1177/109442810031002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, L., & Anderson, S. (1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors. Journal of Management, 17, 601–617. doi:10.1177/014920639101700305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, D., Harms, P., & Vazire, S. (2010). Perceiver effects as projective tests: What your perception of others say about you. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 174–190. doi:10.1037/a0019390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar