The Revised Assessment of Sadistic Personality (ASP-8): Evidence for Validity across Four Countries

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2009). The HEXACO–60: A short measure of the major dimensions of personality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(4), 340–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890902935878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergmüller, S. (2013). The relationship between cultural individualism-collectivism and student aggression across 62 countries. Aggressive Behavior, 39(3), 182–200. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blais, J., Solodukhin, E., & Forth, A. E. (2014). A meta-analysis exploring the relationship between psychopathy and instrumental versus reactive violence. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41(7), 797–821. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854813519629
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonfá-Araujo, B., Lima-Costa, A. R., Baptista, M. N., & Hauck-Filho, N. (2021). Depressed or satisfied? The relationship between the Dark Triad traits, depression, and life satisfaction. Current Psychology, Advance online article. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01726-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Book, A., Visser, B. A., Blais, J., Hosker-Field, A., Methot-Jones, T., Gauthier, N. Y., Volk, A., Holden, R. R., & D'Agata, M. T. (2016). Unpacking more “evil”: What is at the core of the Dark Tetrad? Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 269–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckels, E. E., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Comprehensive Assessment of Sadistic Tendencies (CAST) [Unpublished instrument]. University of British Columbia.
   Google Scholar
• Buckels, E. E., Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). Behavioral confirmation of everyday sadism. Psychological Science, 24(11), 2201–2209. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613490749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., Andjelovic, T., & Paulhus, D. L. (2019). Internet trolling and everyday sadism: Parallel effects on pain perception and moral judgment. Journal of Personality, 87(2), 328–340. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Trolls just want to have fun. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 97–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(3), 452–459. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chabrol, H., Bouvet, R., & Goutaudier, N. (2017). The dark tetrad and antisocial behavior in a community sample of college students. Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice, 17(5), 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/24732850.2017.1361310
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chabrol, H., Van Leeuwen, N., Rodgers, R., & Séjourné, N. (2009). Contributions of psychopathic, narcissistic, Machiavellian, and sadistic personality traits to juvenile delinquency. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(7), 734–739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, F., Curran, P. J., Bollen, K. A., Kirby, J., & Paxton, P. (2008). An empirical evaluation of the use of fixed cutoff points in RMSEA test statistic in structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 36(4), 462–494. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124108314720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chester, D. S., DeWall, C. N., & Enjaian, B. (2019). Sadism and aggressive behavior: Inflicting pain to feel pleasure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(8), 1252–1268. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218816327
   Google Scholar
• Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, A., & Petrides, K. V. (2010). A psychometric analysis of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form (TEIQue-SF) using item response theory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(5), 449–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2010.497426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagnall, N., Denovan, A., Papageorgiou, K. A., Clough, P. J., Parker, A., & Drinkwater, K. G. (2019). Psychometric assessment of shortened Mental Toughness Questionnaires (MTQ): Factor structure of the MTQ-18 and the MTQ-10. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1933. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derefinko, K. J. (2015). Psychopathy and low anxiety: Meta-analytic evidence for the absence of inhibition, not affect. Journal of Personality, 83(6), 693–709. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinić, B. M., Bulut Allred, T., Petrović, B., & Wertag, A. (2020a). A test of three sadism measures: Short sadistic impulse scale, varieties of sadistic tendencies, and assessment of sadistic personality. Journal of Individual Differences, 41(4), 219–227. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000319
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinić, B. M., Petrović, B., & Jonason, P. K. (2018). Serbian adaptations of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD) and Short Dark Triad (SD3). Personality and Individual Differences, 134, 321–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinić, B. M., Sadiković, S., & Wertag, A. (2020b). Factor mixture analysis of the Dark Triad and Dark Tetrad. Could sadism make a difference? Journal of Individual Differences, 42(2), 74–83, https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinić, B. M., Wertag, A., Sokolovska, V., & Tomašević, A. (2021). The Good, the bad, and the ugly: Revisiting the Dark Core. Current Psychology. Advance online article, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01829-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinić, B., Mitrović, D., & Smederevac, S. (2014). The AVDH questionnaire (anger, vengefulness, dominance and hostility): new questionnaire for measurement of aggressiveness. Primenjena Psihologija, 7(3-1), 297–324. https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2014.3-1.297-324
   Google Scholar
• Duckitt, J., & Sibley, C. G. (2007). Right wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation and the dimensions of generalized prejudice. European Journal of Personality, 21(2), 113–130. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.614
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egorova, M. S., Sitnikova, M. A., & Parshikova, O. V. (2015). Adaptation of the short triad questionnaire. Psychological Research: Electronic Scientific Journal, 8, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Fernández-del-Río, E., Ramos-Villagrasa, P. J., & Barrada, J. R. (2020). Bad guys perform better? The incremental predictive validity of the Dark Tetrad over Big Five and honesty-humility. Personality and Individual Differences, 154, 109700. article 109700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109700
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galanakis, M., Lakioti, A., Pezirkianidis, C., Karakasidou, E., & Stalikas, A. (2017). Reliability and validity of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) in a Greek sample. International Journal of Humanities and Social Studies, 5(2), 120–127.
   Google Scholar
• Gerevich, J., Bácskai, E., & Czobor, P. (2007). The generalizability of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 16(3), 124–136. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Leal, R., Megías-Robles, A., Gutiérrez-Cobo, M. J., Cabello, R., Fernández-Abascal, E. G., & Fernández-Berrocal, P. (2019). Relationship between the Dark Triad and depressive symptoms. PeerJ, 7, e8120 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardin, B. S., Smith, C. V., Jordan, L. N. (2021). Is the COVID-19 pandemic even darker for some? Examining dark personality and affective, cognitive, and behavioral responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 171, 110504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110504
   Google Scholar
• Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short‐form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS‐21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non‐clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(2), 227–239. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466505X29657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 2307-0919. https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014
   Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBM Corp. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. IBM Corp.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, L. K., Plouffe, R. A., & Saklofske, D. H. (2019). Subclinical sadism and the Dark Triad. Journal of Individual Differences, 40(3), 127–133. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3): A brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191113514105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289343
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny, D. A., Kaniskan, B., & McCoach, D. B. (2015). The performance of RMSEA in models with small degrees of freedom. Sociological Methods & Research, 44(3), 486–507. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124114543236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
   Google Scholar
• Kowalski, C. M., Di Pierro, R., Plouffe, R. A., Rogoza, R., & Saklofske, D. H. (2020). Enthusiastic acts of evil: The assessment of sadistic personality in Polish and Italian populations. Journal of Personality Assessment, 102(6), 770–780. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2019.1673760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krafft-Ebing, R. V. ([1886] (2011)). Psychopathia sexualis.
   Google Scholar
• Li, C., Murad, M., Shahzad, F., Khan, M. A. S., & Ashraf, S. F. (2020). Dark Tetrad personality traits and counterproductive work behavior among doctors in Pakistan. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 35(5), 1173–1192. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.3025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Međedović, J., & Bulut, T. (2017). Expanding the nomogical network of Dark Tetrad: The case of cynicism, aggressive humor and attitudes towards immigrants. Zbornik Instituta za Kriminološka i Sociološka Istraživanja, 36, 7–19.
   Google Scholar
• Međedović, J., Čolović, P., Dinić, B. M., & Smederevac, S. (2019). The HEXACO Personality Inventory: Validation and psychometric properties in the Serbian language. Journal of Personality Assessment, 101(1), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2017.1370426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min, H., Pavisic, I., Howald, N., Highhouse, S., & Zickar, M. J. (2019). A systematic comparison of three sadism measures and their ability to explain workplace mistreatment over and above the dark triad. Journal of Research in Personality, 82, 103862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103862
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mojsa-Kaja, J., Szklarczyk, K., González-Yubero, S., & Palomera, R. (2021). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies mediate the relationships between Dark Triad traits and negative emotional states experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 181, 111018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L., & Muthén, B. (1998 (2019)). MPlus user’s guide. Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Neumann, C. S., Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2021). Examining the Short Dark Tetrad (SD4) across models, correlates, and gender. Assessment, 107319112098662. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191120986624
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Meara, A., Davies, J., & Barnes-Holmes, Y. (2004). The prevalence and characteristics of sadism in an Irish student population [Paper presentation]. Annual Conference of the Division of Forensic Psychology, Leicester, England. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.020
   Google Scholar
• O'Meara, A., Davies, J., & Hammond, S. (2011). The psychometric properties and utility of the Short Sadistic Impulse Scale (SSIS). Psychological Assessment, 23(2), 523–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onley, M., Veselka, L., Schermer, J. A., & Vernon, P. A. (2013). Survival of the scheming: A genetically informed link between the Dark Triad and mental toughness. Twin Research and Human Genetics: The Official Journal of the International Society for Twin Studies, 16(6), 1087–1095. https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2013.66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pajevic, M., Vukosavljevic-Gvozden, T., Stevanovic, N., & Neumann, C. S. (2018). The relationship between the Dark Tetrad and a two-dimensional view of empathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 123, 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papageorgiou, K. A., Malanchini, M., Denovan, A., Clough, P. J., Shakeshaft, N., Schofield, K., & Kovas, Y. (2018). Longitudinal associations between narcissism, mental toughness and school achievement. Personality and Individual Differences, 131, 105–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.04.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papageorgiou, K. A., Mutz, J., Lin, Y., & Clough, P. J. (2018). Mental toughness: A personality trait that is relevant across achievement contexts and mental health outcomes. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of personality and individual differences: Applications of personality and individual differences (pp. 588–604). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526451248.n26
   Google Scholar
• Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Toward a taxonomy of dark personalities. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(6), 421–426. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414547737
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulhus, D. L., & Jones, D. N. (2015). Measures of dark personalities. In G. J. Boyle, D. H. Saklofske & G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs. (pp.562–594). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Paulhus, D. L., Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., & Jones, D. N. (2020). Screening for dark personalities. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 37, 208–222. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000602
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavot, W., Diener, E. D., Colvin, C. R., & Sandvik, E. (1991). Further validation of the satisfaction with life scale: Evidence for the cross-method convergence of well-being measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57(1), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5701_17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedregon, C. A., Farley, R. L., Davis, A., Wood, J. M., & Clark, R. D. (2012). Social desirability, personality questionnaires, and the “better than average” effect. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(2), 213–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrides, K. V. (2009). Psychometric properties of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire. In C. Stough, D. H. Saklofske, and J. D. Parker, Advances in the assessment of emotional intelligence. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0387-88370-0_5
   Google Scholar
• Pezirkianidis, C., Karakasidou, E., Lakioti, A., Stalikas, A., & Galanakis, M. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) in a Greek sample. Psychology, 09(15), 2933–2950. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.915170
   Google Scholar
• Pfattheicher, S., Keller, J., & Knezevic, G. (2019). Destroying things for pleasure: On the relation of sadism and vandalism. Personality and Individual Differences, 140, 52–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pineda, D., Piqueras, J. A., Galán, M., & Martínez-Martínez, A. (2021). Everyday sadism: Psychometric properties of three Spanish versions for assessing the construct. Current Psychology, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01434-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plouffe, R. A., Kowalski, C. M., Tremblay, P. F., Saklofske, D. H., Rogoza, R., Di Pierro, R., & Chahine, S. (2021). Gender differences or gender bias? Examination of the assessment of sadistic personality using item response theory and differential item functioning. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 37(6), 440–449. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000634
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plouffe, R. A., Saklofske, D. H., & Smith, M. M. (2017). The Assessment of Sadistic Personality: Preliminary psychometric evidence for a new measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plouffe, R. A., Smith, M. M., & Saklofske, D. H. (2019). A psychometric investigation of the Assessment of Sadistic Personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 140, 57–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plouffe, R. A., Wilson, C. A., & Saklofske, D. H. (2020). The role of dark personality traits in intimate partner violence: A multi-study investigation. Current Psychology, Advance online article. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00871-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puls, R. (2010). The Russian translation of the DASS-21. Sydney Australia: the National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research. http://www2.psy.unsw.edu.au/dass/Russian/Russian.htm
   Google Scholar
• Rammstedt, B., Danner, D., Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2018). Validation of the short and extra short forms of the Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2) and their German adaptations. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 36, 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, T. D., & King, A. R. (2016). Anxious, hostile, and sadistic: Maternal attachment and everyday sadism predict hostile masculine beliefs and male sexual violence. Personality and Individual Differences, 99, 340–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabouri, S., Gerber, M., Lemola, S., Becker, S. P., Shamsi, M., Shakouri, Z., Sadeghi Bahmani, D., Kalak, N., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Brand, S. (2016). Examining Dark Triad traits in relation to sleep disturbances, anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty in young adults. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 68, 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.03.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreyer, H., Plouffe, R. A., Wilson, C. A., & Saklofske, D. H. (2021). What makes a leader? Trait emotional intelligence and Dark Tetrad traits predict transformational leadership beyond HEXACO personality factors. Current Psychology, Advance online article. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01571-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S. H. (2006). A theory of cultural value orientations: Explication and applications. Comparative Sociology, 5(2-3), 137–182. https://doi.org/10.1163/156913306778667357
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S. H. (2008). Cultural value orientations: Nature and implications of national differences. Publishing House of SU HSE.
   Google Scholar
• Shchebetenko, S., Kalugin, A. Y., Mishkevich, A. M., Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2020). Measurement invariance and sex and age differences of the Big Five Inventory-2: Evidence from the Russian version. Assessment, 27(3), 472–486. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191119860901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokolovska, V., Dinić, B. M., & Tomašević, A. (2018). Aggressiveness in the HEXACO personality model. Psihologija, 51(4), 449–468. https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI170705022S
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017). Short and extra-short forms of the Big Five Inventory–2: The BFI-2-S and BFI-2-XS. Journal of Research in Personality, 68, 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2017.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamatopoulou, M., Galanis, P., & Prezerakos, P. (2016). Psychometric properties of the Greek translation of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form (TEIQue- SF). Personality and Individual Differences, 95, 80–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanwix, S., & Walker, B. R. (2021). The Dark Tetrad and advantageous and disadvantageous risk-taking. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110338S
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szabó, E., & Bereczkei, T. (2017). Different paths to different strategies? Unique associations among facets of the Dark Triad, empathy, and trait emotional intelligence. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 13(4), 306–313. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0230-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan, R., Carter, G. L., Cockroft, D., & Maggiorini, L. (2018). Harder, better, faster, stronger? Mental toughness, the Dark Triad and physical activity. Personality and Individual Differences, 131, 206–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Womick, J., Foltz, R. M., & King, L. A. (2019). Releasing the beast within”? Authenticity, well-being, and the Dark Tetrad. Personality and Individual Differences, 137, 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.08.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler, M., Kemper, C. J., & Kruyen, P. (2014). Short scales – Five misunderstandings and ways to overcome them. Journal of Individual Differences, 35(4), 185–189. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000148
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar