Frequency of Nightmares and Gender Significantly Predict Distressing Dreams of German Athletes Before Competitions or Games

REFERENCES

• Barkhoff , H. and Heiby , E. M. 2004 . Differences in self-concept, body-concept, and mood between training champion and competitor type athletes in artistic roller and figure skating . Athletic Insight: The Online Journal of Sports Psychology , 6 : 74 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Brand , R. , Ehrlenspiel , F. and Graf , K. 2009 . Das Wettkampfangst: Inventar Manual [Competitive anxiety inventory mannual] , Bonn, , Germany : Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaft .
   Google Scholar
• Breger , L. , Hunter , I. and Lane , R. W. 1971 . The effect of stress on dreams . Psychological Issues , 7 ( Monograph 27 )
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen , D. B. 1972 . Presleep experience and home dream reporting: An exploratory study . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 38 : 122 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrlenspiel , F. , Erlacher , D. , Ziegler , M. , Seitz , V. and Adegbesan , O. 2011 . Sleep tight, don't let the competition bite?! Subjective sleep quality and competitive state anxiety Manuscript submitted for publication
   Google Scholar
• Erlacher , D. , Ehrlenspiel , F. , Adegbesan , O. and El-Galan , H. 2011 . Sleep habits in German athletes before important competitions or games . Journal of Sports Sciences , doi: 10.1080/02640414.2011.565782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erlacher , D. and Schredl , M. 2010 . Frequency of sport dreams in athletes . International Journal of Dream Research , 3 : 91 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Erlacher , D. , Schredl , M. , Watanabe , T. , Yamana , J. and Ganzert , F. 2008 . The incidence of lucid dreaming within a Japanese university student sample . International Journal of Dream Research , 1 : 39 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Köthe , M. and Pietrowsky , R. 2001 . Behavioral effects of nightmares and their correlations to personality patterns . Dreaming , 11 : 43 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krakow , B. and Zadra , A. 2006 . Clinical management of chronic nightmares: Imagery rehearsal therapy . Behavioral Sleep Medicine , 4 : 45 – 70 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levin , R. and Nielsen , T. A. 2007 . Disturbed dreaming, posttraumatic stress disorder, and affect distress: A review and neurocognitive model . Psychological Bulletin , 133 : 482 – 528 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahoney , M. J. and Avener , M. 1977 . Psychology of the elite athlete: An exploratory study . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 1 : 135 – 141 .
   Google Scholar
• Martens , R. , Vealey , R. S. and Burton , D. 1995 . Competitive anxiety in sport , Campaign, , IL : Human Kinetic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Peduzzi , P. , Concato , J. , Kemper , E. , Holford , T. R. and Feinstein , A. R. 1996 . A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis . Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , 49 : 1373 – 1379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savis , J. C. , Eliot , J. F. , Gansneder , B. and Rotella , R. J. 1997 . A subjective means of assessing college athletes’ sleep: A modification of the morningness/eveningness questionnaire . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 28 : 157 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schredl , M. 2002 . Messung der Traumerinnerung: Siebenstufige Skala und Daten gesunder Personen [Measuring dream recall frequency: A 7-point scale and data from healthy adults] . Somnologie , 6 : 34 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Schredl , M. 2003 . Effects of state and trait factors on nightmare frequency . European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience , 253 : 241 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schredl , M. 2004 . Reliability and stability of a dream recall frequency scale . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 98 : 1422 – 1426 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schredl , M. 2010 . Nightmare frequency and nightmare topics in a representative German sample . European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience , 260 : 565 – 570 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro , C. M. 1981 . Sleep and the athlete . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 15 : 51 – 55 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spoormaker , V. I. , Schredl , M. and Van Den Bout , J. 2006 . Nightmares: From anxiety symptom to sleep disorder . Sleep Medicine Reviews , 10 : 19 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , J. M. and Krane , V. 2001 . “ Psychological characteristics of peak performance ” . In Applied sport psychology , Edited by: Williams , J. M. 162 – 178 . Mountain View, CA : Mayfield .
   Google Scholar
• Woodman , T. and Hardy , L. 2003 . The relative impact of cognitive anxiety and self-confidence upon sport performance: A meta-analysis . Journal of Sports Sciences , 21 : 443 – 457 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zadra , A. and Donderi , D. C. 2000 . Nightmares and bad dreams: Their prevalence and relationship to well-being . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 109 : 273 – 281 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar