Publication Cover
The Journal of Psychology
Interdisciplinary and Applied
Volume 157, 2023 - Issue 3
472
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The Role of Anxiety and Depression in the Emotion Regulation Strategies of People Suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Pages 143-159 | Received 24 Jan 2022, Accepted 30 Sep 2022, Published online: 16 Feb 2023

References

  • Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 217–237. Mar https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004. Epub 2009 Nov 20. PMID: 20015584.
  • Aldao, A., Jazaieri, H., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies : Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(4), 382–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.03.005
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
  • Ashbaugh, A. R., Houle-Johnson, S., Herbert, C., El-Hage, W., & Brunet, A. (2016, October 10). Psychometric validation of the English and French versions of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). PloS One, 11(10), e0161645. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161645. PMID: 27723815; PMCID: PMC5056703.
  • Bardeen, J. R., Tull, M. T., Stevens, E. N., & Gratz, K. L. (2015). Further investigation of the association between anxiety sensitivity and posttraumatic stress disorder: Examining the influence of emotional avoidance. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 4(3), 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2015.05.002
  • Barrault, S., Bonnaire, C., & Herrmann, F. (2017). Anxiety, depression and emotion regulation among regular online poker players. Journal of Gambling Studies, 33(4), 1039–1050. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-017-9669-3
  • Basharpoor, S., Shafiei, M., & Daneshvar, S. (2015). The comparison of experimental avoidance, mindfulness and rumination in trauma-exposed individuals with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in an Iranian sample. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 29(5), 279–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2015.05.004
  • Blanchard, E. B., Buckley, T. C., Hickling, E. J., & Taylor, A. E. (1998). Posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid major depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12(1), 21–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(97)00047-9
  • Boden, M. T., Thompson, R. J., Dizén, M., Berenbaum, H., & Baker, J. P. (2013). Are emotional clarity and emotion differentiation related? Cognition & Emotion, 27(6), 961–978. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2012.751899
  • Brewin, C. R. (2013). “I wouldn’t start from here”-an alternative perspective on PTSD from the ICD-11: Comment on Friedman (2013). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(5), 557–559. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21843
  • Brooks, A. W. (2014). Get excited: Reappraising pre-performance anxiety as excitement. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 143(3), 1144–1158. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035325
  • Breslau, N., Kessler, R. C., Chilcoat, H. D., Schultz, L. R., Davis, G. C., & Andreski, P. (1998). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(7), 626–632. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.626
  • Brunet, A., Thomas, M., Saumier, D., Ashbaugh, A. R., Azzoug, A., Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P., & Tremblay, J. (2014). Trauma reactivation plus propranolol is associated with durably low physiological responding during subsequent script-driven traumatic imagery. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 59(4), 228–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371405900408
  • Bugg, A., Turpin, G., Mason, S., & Scholes, C. (2009). A randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of writing as a self-help intervention for traumatic injury patients at risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(1), 6–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.10.006
  • Carthy, T., Horesh, N., Apter, A., Edge, M. D., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation in anxious children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(5), 384–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.12.013
  • Cascardi, M., Armstrong, D., Chung, L., & Paré, D. (2015). Pupil response to threat in trauma-exposed individuals with or without PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(4), 370–374. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22022
  • Chee, C., & C., Badjadj, L. (2018). Prise en charge des patients avec troubles anxieux entre 2010 et 2014 dans les établissements ayant une autorisation en psychiatrie en France métropolitaine: Analyse des données du RIM-P. Bulletin Epidémiologique Hebdomadaire, 32–33, 653–661.
  • Chung, M. C., Jalal, S., & Khan, N. U. (2014). Posttraumatic stress disorder and psychiatric comorbidity following the 2010 flood in Pakistan : Exposure characteristics, cognitive distortions, and emotional suppression. Psychiatry, 77(3), 289–304. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2014.77.3.289
  • Cloitre, M., Garvert, D. W., Weiss, B., Carlson, E. B., & Bryant, R. A. (2014). Distinguishing PTSD, complex PTSD, and borderline personality disorder: A latent class analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 25097. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.25097
  • Cloitre, M., Koenen, K. C., Cohen, L. R., & Han, H. (2002). Skills training in affective and interpersonal regulation followed by exposure: A phase-based treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(5), 1067–1074. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.70.5.1067
  • Collimore, K. C., Carleton, R. N., Hofmann, S. G., & Asmundson, G. J. (2010). Posttraumatic stress and social anxiety: The interaction of traumatic events and interpersonal fears. Depression and Anxiety, 27(11), 1017–1026. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20728
  • Creamer, M., Burgess, P., & Pattison, P. (1990). Cognitive processing in post-trauma reactions: Some preliminary findings. Psychological Medicine, 20(3), 597–604. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700017104
  • Donofry, S. D., Roecklein, K. A., Wildes, J. E., Miller, M. A., & Erickson, K. I. (2016). Alterations in emotion generation and regulation neurocircuitry in depression and eating disorders : A comparative review of structural and functional neuroimaging studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 68, 911–927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.011
  • Eftekhari, A., Zoellner, L. A., & Vigil, S. A. (2009). Patterns of emotion regulation and psychopathology. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 22(5), 571–586. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800802179860
  • Ehret, A. M., Joormann, J., & Berking, M. (2015). décembre Examining risk and resilience factors for depression : The role of self-criticism and self-compassion. Cognition & Emotion, 29(8), 1496–1504. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.992394
  • Ehring, T., & Quack, D. (2010). Emotion regulation difficulties in trauma survivors: The role of trauma type and PTSD symptom severity. Behavior Therapy, 41(4), 587–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2010.04.004
  • Elhai, J. D., Grubaugh, A. L., Kashdan, T. B., & Frueh, B. C. (2008). Empirical examination of a proposed refinement to DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder symptom criteria using the national comorbidity survey replication data. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(4), 597–602. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v69n0411
  • Fairholme, C. P., Nosen, E. L., Nillni, Y. I., Schumacher, J. A., Tull, M. T., & Coffey, S. F. (2013). Sleep disturbance and emotion dysregulation as transdiagnostic processes in a comorbid sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(9), 540–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2013.05.014
  • Flett, G. L., Panico, T., Hewitt,., & P., L. (2011). Perfectionism, type a behavior, and self-efficacy in depression and health symptoms among adolescents. Current Psychology, 30(2), 105–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-011-9103-4
  • Foa, E. B., Hembree, E., & Rothbaum, B. (2007). Prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD: Therapist guide. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195308501.001.0001
  • Frayne, S. M., Seaver, M. R., Loveland, S., Christiansen, C. L., Spiro III, A., Parker, V. A., & Skinner, K. M. (2004). Burden of medical illness in women with depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of Internal Medicine, 164(12), 1306–1312. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.12.1306
  • Gámbaro, F., Behillil, S., Baidaliuk, A., Donati, F., Albert, M., Alexandru, A., Vanpeene, M., Bizard, M., Brisebarre, A., Barbet, M., Derrar, F., van der Werf, S., Enouf, V., & Simon-Loriere, E. (2020). Introductions and early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in France, 24 January to 23 March 2020. Eurosurveillance, 25(26). https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.26.2001200
  • Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2007). The cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire: Psychometric features and prospective relationships with depression and anxiety in adults. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 141–149. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.141
  • Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2001). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(8), 1311–1327. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00113-6
  • Garnefski, N., Teerds, J., Kraaij, V., Legerstee, J., & van den Kommer, T. (2004). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: Differences between males and females. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(2), 267–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00083-7
  • Gotlib, I. H., Krasnoperova, E., Yue, D. N., & Joormann, J. (2004). Attentional biases for negative interpersonal stimuli in clinical depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113(1), 121–135. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.113.1.121
  • Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2008). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 30(4), 315–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-008-9102-4
  • Gray, M., Litz, B., Hsu, J., & Lombardo, T. (2004). Psychometric properties of the Life Events Checklist. Assessment, 11(4), 330–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191104269954 PILOTS ID: 26825.
  • Gross, J. J. (2001). Emotion regulation in adulthood : Timing is everything. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(6), 214–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00152
  • Hapke, U., Schumann, A., Rumpf, H. J., John, U., & Meyer, C. (2006). Post-traumatic stress disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(5), 299–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-006-0654-6
  • Hopp, H., Troy, A. S., & Mauss, I. B. (2011). The unconscious pursuit of emotion regulation : Implications for psychological health. Cognition & Emotion, 25(3), 532–545. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2010.532606
  • Husky, M. M., Mazure, C. M., & Kovess-Masfety, V. (2018). Gender differences in psychiatric and medical comorbidity with post-traumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 84, 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.04.007
  • Jacobson, N. C., & Newman, M. G. (2014). Avoidance mediates the relationship between anxiety and depression over a decade later. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(5), 437–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.03.007
  • Jermann, F., Van der Linden, M., d‘Acremont, M., & Zermatten, A. (2006). Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 126–131. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.22.2.126
  • John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2004). Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and life span development. Journal of Personality, 72, 1301–1334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00298.x
  • Joormann, J., & Stanton, C. H. (2016). Examining emotion regulation in depression : A review and future directions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 86, 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.07.007
  • Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617–627. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617
  • Kuru, E., Safak, Y., Özdemir, İ., Tulacı, R. G., Özdel, K., Özkula, N. G., & Örsel, S. (2018). Cognitive distortions in patients with social anxiety disorder : Comparison of a clinical group and healthy controls. The European Journal of Psychiatry, 32(2), 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpsy.2017.08.004
  • Laposa, J. M., & Rector, N. A. (2012). The prediction of intrusions following an analogue traumatic event: Peritraumatic cognitive processes and anxiety-focused rumination versus rumination in response to intrusions. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43(3), 877–883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.12.007
  • Lemay, M. (1999). Reflections on resilience. In M-P. Poilpot et al. (Eds.), Souffrir mais se construire. Fondation pour l’Enfance, Erès.
  • Léon, C., Chan Chee, C., & Du Roscoät, E. (2018). La dépression en France chez les 18-75 ans : Résultats du Baromètre santé 2017. Bulletin Epidémiologique Hebdomadaire, 32-3, 637–644.
  • Litz, B. T., Orsillo, S. M., Kaloupek, D., & Weathers, F. (2000). Emotional processing in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(1), 26–39. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.109.1.26
  • McDermott, M. J., Tull, M. T., Gratz, K. L., Daughters, S. B., & Lejuez, C. (2009). The role of anxiety sensitivity and difficulties in emotion regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder among crack/cocaine dependent patients in residential substance abuse treatment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(5), 591–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.01.006
  • McLaughlin, K. A., Koenen, K. C., Hill, E. D., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2013). Trauma Exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in a national sample of adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(8), 815–830.e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.011
  • Mennin, D. S. (2004). Emotion regulation therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 11(1), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.389
  • Momartin, S., Silove, D., Manicavasagar, V., & Steel, Z. (2004). Comorbidity of PTSD and depression: Associations with trauma exposure, symptom severity and functional impairment in Bosnian refugees resettled in Australia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 80(2–3), 231–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(03)00131-9
  • Monson, C. M., Schnurr, P. P., Stevens, S. P., & Guthrie, K. A. (2004). Cognitive-behavioral couple’s treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: Initial findings. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(4), 341–344. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000038483.69570.5b
  • Newby, J. M., Mewton, L., Williams, A. D., & Andrews, G. (2014). Effectiveness of transdiagnostic internet cognitive behavioural treatment for mixed anxiety and depression in primary care. Journal of Affective Disorders, 165, 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.037
  • Nixon, R. D. V., Nishith, P., & Resick, P. A. (2004). The accumulative effect of trauma exposure on short-term and delayed verbal memory in a treatment-seeking sample of female rape victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(1), 31–35. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000014673.02925.db
  • O’Neill, S. C., Cohen, L. H., Tolpin, L. H., & Gunthert, K. C. (2004). Affective reactivity to daily interpersonal stressors as a prospective predictor of depressive symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(2), 172–194. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.2.172.31015
  • Ouimet, A. J., Kane, L., & Tutino, J. S. (2016). Fear of anxiety or fear of emotions ? Anxiety sensitivity is indirectly related to anxiety and depressive symptoms via emotion regulation. Cogent Psychology, 3(1), 1249132. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2016.1249132
  • Pietrzak, R. H., Goldstein, R. B., Southwick, S. M., & Grant, B. F. (2011). Prevalence and Axis I comorbidity of full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: Results from Wave 2 of the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(3), 456–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.11.010
  • Price, J. L., Monson, C. M., Callahan, K., & Rodriguez, B. F. (2006). The role of emotional functioning in military-related PTSD and its treatment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20(5), 661–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.04.004
  • Radomski, S. A., & Read, J. P. (2016). Mechanistic role of emotion regulation in the PTSD and alcohol association. Traumatology, 22(2), 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000068
  • Roemer, L., Litz, B. T., Orsillo, S. M., & Wagner, A. W. (2001). A preliminary investigation of the role of strategic withholding of emotions in PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14(1), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007895817502
  • Rytwinski, N. K., Scur, M. D., Feeny, N. C., & Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). The co-occurrence of major depressive disorder among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(3), 299–309. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21814
  • Sackett, D. L. (1979). Bias in analytic research. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 32(1–2), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(79)90012-2
  • Sala, G., & Haag, C. (2016). Comment vaincre l’anxiété en situation extrême?-Les secrets du GIGN, unité d’élite de la gendarmerie nationale. Revue française de gestion, 42(257), 129–147.
  • Salters-Pedneault, K., Tull, M. T., & Roemer, L. (2004). The role of avoidance of emotional material in the anxiety disorders. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 11(2), 95–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appsy.2004.09.001
  • Sareen, J., Cox, B. J., Stein, M. B., Afifi, T. O., Fleet, C., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2007). Physical and mental comorbidity, disability, and suicidal behavior associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in a large community sample. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69(3), 242–248. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e31803146d8
  • Shepherd, L., & Wild, J. (2014). Emotion regulation, physiological arousal and PTSD symptoms in trauma-exposed individuals. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 45(3), 360–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.03.002.
  • Spinhoven, P., Drost, J., van Hemert, B., & Penninx, B. W. (2015). Common rather than unique aspects of repetitive negative thinking are related to depressive and anxiety disorders and symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 33, 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.05.001
  • Steil, R., & Ehlers, A. (2000). Dysfunctional meaning of posttraumatic intrusions in chronic PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(6), 537–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00069-8
  • Stein, D. J., Ipser, J. C., & Seedat, S. (2006). Pharmacotherapy for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2006(1), CD002795. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002795.pub2
  • Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2–3), 25–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01276.x
  • Tudorache, A., Goutaudier, N., El-Hage, W., & Clarys, D. (2020). Beyond clinical outcomes: Posttraumatic stress symptoms favor attentional and memory control abilities for trauma-related words. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33(5), 783–793. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22531
  • Tull, M. T., Bardeen, J. R., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., & Gratz, K. L. (2015). A prospective investigation of emotion dysregulation as a moderator of the relation between posttraumatic stress symptoms and substance use severity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 29, 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.11.003
  • Tull, M. T., Barrett, H. M., McMillan, E. S., & Roemer, L. (2007). A preliminary investigation of the relationship between emotion regulation difficulties and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Behavior Therapy, 38(3), 303–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.10.001
  • Visted, E., Vøllestad, J., Nielsen, M. B., & Schanche, E. (2018). Emotion regulation in current and remitted depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 756. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00756
  • Vujanovic, A. A., Bonn-Miller, M. O., Potter, C. M., Marshall, E. C., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2011). An evaluation of the relation between distress tolerance and posttraumatic stress within a trauma-exposed sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33(1), 129–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-010-9209-2
  • Warsini, S., West, C., Ed, (Tt), G. D., Res Meth, G. C., Mills, J., & Usher, K. (2014). The psychosocial impact of natural disasters among adult survivors : An integrative review. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 35(6), 420–436. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2013.875085
  • Weathers, F. W., Blake, D. D., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Marx, B. P., & Keane, T. M. (2013). The life events checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5) – Standard. [Measurement instrument]. Verfügbar unter.
  • Webb, T. L., Miles, E., & Sheeran, P. (2012). Dealing with feeling: A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 138(4), 775–808. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027600
  • Weiss, N. H., Tull, M. T., Anestis, M. D., & Gratz, K. L. (2013). The relative and unique contributions of emotion dysregulation and impulsivity to posttraumatic stress disorder among substance dependent inpatients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 128(1–2), 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.07.017
  • Weiss, N. H., Tull, M. T., Viana, A. G., Anestis, M. D., & Gratz, K. L. (2012). Impulsive behaviors as an emotion regulation strategy: Examining associations between PTSD, emotion dysregulation, and impulsive behaviors among substance dependent inpatients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(3), 453–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.007
  • Yehuda, R., Steiner, A., Kahana, B., Binder-Brynes, K., Southwick, S. M., Zemelman, S., & Giller, E. L. (1997). Alexithymia in Holocaust survivors with and without PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10(1), 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024860430725
  • Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
  • Zsido, A. N., Arato, N., Inhof, O., Matuz-Budai, T., Stecina, D. T., & Labadi, B. (2022). Psychological well-being, risk factors, and coping strategies with social isolation and new challenges in times of adversity caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Psychologica, 225, 103538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103538

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.