“Bad Girls Rule”: An Interdisciplinary Feminist Commentary on the Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls

References

• American Psychological Association, Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls . ( 2007a ). Report of the APA task force on the sexualization of girls . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association . Retrieved March 1, 1997, from www.apa.org/pi/wpo/sexualization.html
   Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association, Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls . ( 2007b ). Report of the APA task force on the sexualization of girls: Executive summary . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association . Retrieved March 1, 1997, from www.apa.org/pi/wpo/sexualization.html
   Google Scholar
• Barlow , T. E. , Dong , M. Y. , Poiger , U. G. , Ramamurthy , P. , Thomas , L. M. , & Weinbaum , A. E. ( 2005 ). The modern girl around the world: A research agenda and preliminary findings . Gender & History , 17 , 245 – 294 .
   Google Scholar
• Becker , A. ( 2004 ). Television, disordered eating, and young women in Fiji: Negotiating body image and identity during rapid social change . Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry , 28 , 533 – 559 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordo , S. ( 1993 ). Unbearable weight: Feminism, Western culture, and the body . Los Angeles : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Breines , J. G. , Crocker , J. , & Garcia , J. A. ( 2008 ). Self-objectification and well-being in women's daily lives . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 34 , 583 – 598 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bright , S. ( 1998 ). The sexual state of the union . New York : Touchstone Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bright , S. ( 2000 ). Full exposure: Opening up to sexual creativity and erotic expression . New York : HarperCollins .
   Google Scholar
• Brod , H. ( 1995 ). Pornography and the alienation of male sexuality . In M. S. Kimmel & M. A. Messner (Eds.), Men's lives (pp. 393 – 404 ). Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Califia , P. ( 2000 ). Public sex: The culture of radical sex . San Francisco : Cleis Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chapkis , W. ( 1997 ). Live sex acts: Women performing erotic labor . New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Chapkis , W. ( 2005 ). Soft glove, punishing fist: The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 . In E. Bernstein & L. Schaffner (Eds.), Regulating sex: The politics of intimacy and identity (pp. 51 – 66 ). New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Cole , C. L. , & Hribar , A. ( 1995 ). Celebrity feminism: Nike style post-Fordism, transcendence, and consumer power . Sociology of Sport Journal , 12 , 347 – 369 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtenay , W. H. ( 2000a ). Behavioral factors associated with disease, injury, and death among men: Evidence and implications for prevention . Journal of Men's Studies , 9 , 81 – 129 .
   Google Scholar
• Courtenay , W. H. ( 2000b ). Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: A theory of gender and health . Social Science and Medicine , 50 , 1385 – 1401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Zengotita , T. ( 2005 ). Mediated: How the media shapes your world and the way you live in it . New York : Bloomsbury .
   Google Scholar
• D'Agostino , J. ( 2007, March 2 ). Feminism, consumerism, & the sexualization of girls . Weekly Briefing , 9 ( 9 ). Front Royal, VA: Population Research Institute. Retrieved March 15, 2007, from http://www.pop.org/main.cfm?id=307&r1=2.00&r2=1.50&r3=0.02&r4=0.00&level=3&eid=1080
   Google Scholar
• Dowsett , G. W. ( 2004 ). Baring essentials: Science as desire . Sexuality Research & Social Policy , 1 , 69 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Duncan , M. C. ( 1990 ). Sports, photographs, and sexual difference—Images of women and men in the 1984 and 1988 Olympic games . Sociology of Sport Journal , 7 , 22 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan , M. C. ( 1994 ). The politics of women's body images and practices: Foucault, The Panopticon, and Shape Magazine . Journal of Sport and Social Issues , 18 , 40 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Dworkin , A. ( 1989 ). Pornography: Men possessing women . New York : Dutton .
   Google Scholar
• Dworkin , A. ( 1997 ). Intercourse . New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dworkin , S. L. ( 2003 ). A woman's place is in the…cardiovascular room? Gender relations, the body and the gym . In A. Bolin & J. Granskog (Eds.), Bodies in motion: Women, culture, and exercise/sport . New York : SUNY Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dworkin , S. L. , & Messner , M. A. ( 1999 ). Just do what?: Sports, bodies, gender . In J. Lorber , B. Hess , & M. M. Ferree (Eds.), Revisioning gender (pp. 341 – 364 ). Thousand Oaks : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Dworkin , S. L. , & Wachs , F. L. ( 1998 ). Disciplining the body: HIV positive male athletes, media surveillance and the policing of sexuality . Sociology of Sport Journal , 15 , 1 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworkin , S. L. & Wachs , F. L. ( 2009 ). Body panic: Gender, health, and consumer culture . New York : NYU Press .
   Google Scholar
• English , D. ( 1983 ). The fear that feminism will free men first . In A. Snitow , C. Stansell , & S. Yompson (Eds.), Powers of desire: The politics of sexuality (pp. 477 – 484 ). New York : New Feminist Library .
   Google Scholar
• Fields , J. ( 2005 ). “Children having children”: Race, innocence, and sexuality education . Social Problems , 52 , 549 – 571 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine , M. ( 1988 ). Sexuality, schooling, and adolescent females: The missing discourse of desire . Harvard Educational Review , 58 , 29 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiske , J. ( 1994 ). Media matters: Everyday culture and political change . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fracher , J. , & Kimmel , M. ( 1995 ). Hard issues and soft spots: Counseling men about sexuality . In M. Kimmel & M. Messner (Eds.), Men's lives , (3rd ed. , pp. 365 – 374 ). Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Frank , K. ( 2002 ). G-strings and sympathy: Strip club regulars and male desire . Durham , NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fredrickson , B. , & Harrison , K. ( 2005 ). Throwing like a girl: Self-objectification predicts adolescent girls' motor performance . Journal of Sport and Social Issues , 29 , 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman , R. , Heath , D. , & Smith , S. ( 1991 ). Commodity feminism . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 8 , 333 – 351 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grogan , S. ( 1999 ). Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women, and children . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Halberstam , J. ( 1998 ). Female masculinity . Durham , NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , S. ( 1997 ). Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Harrison , J. , Chin , J. , & Ficarrotto , T. ( 1995 ). Warning: Masculinity may be dangerous to your health . In M. S. Kimmel & M. A. Messner (Eds.), Men's lives (pp. 237 – 249 ). Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• et al. . ( 1987 ). Female sexualization: A collective work of memory (E. Carter, Trans.) . London : Verso .
   Google Scholar
• Heywood , L. ( 1998 ). Bodymakers: A cultural anatomy of women's bodybuilding . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heywood , L. , & Drake , J. ( 1997 ). Third wave agenda: Being feminist, doing feminism . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heywood , L. , & Dworkin , S. L. ( 2003 ). Built to win: The risk of the female athlete as cultural icon . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Higgins , J. A. ( 2007 ). Sexy feminisms and sexual health: Theorizing heterosex, pleasure, and constraint in public health . Atlantis , 31 , 72 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Higgins , J. A. , & Hirsch , J. S. ( 2007 ). The pleasure deficit: Revisiting “the sexuality connection” in reproductive health . Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health , 39 , 240 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins , J. A. , & Hirsch , J. S. ( 2008 ). Pleasure and power: Incorporating sexuality, agency, and inequality into research on contraceptive use and unintended pregnancy . American Journal of Public Health , 98 , 1803 – 1813 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill-Collins , P. ( 1990 ). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment . Boston : Unwin Hyman .
   Google Scholar
• Hooks , B. ( 1984 ). Feminist theory: From margin to center . Boston : South End Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hooks , B. (1990). Yearning: Race, gender, and cultural politics . Boston : South End Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt , D. ( 1999 ). O.J. Simpson facts and fictions: News rituals in the construction of reality . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , S. ( 1996 ). Heterosexuality, power and pleasure . In S. Jackson & S. Scott (Eds.), Feminism and sexuality: A reader (pp. 175 – 179 ). New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jong , E. ( 1973 ). Fear of flying . New York : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Kamen , P. ( 2000 ). Her way: Young women remake the sexual revolution . New York : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman , M. ( 1997 ). The construction of masculinity and the triad of men's violence . In L. O'Toole & J. Schiffman (Eds.), Gender violence: Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 33 – 55 ). New York : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kaye , K. ( 2005 ). Sexual abuse and the wholesome family: Feminist, psychological, and state discourses . In E. Bernstein & L. Schaffner (Eds.), Regulating sex: The politics of intimacy and identity (pp. 143 – 166 ). New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Kilbourne , J. ( 1979 ). Killing us softly . Northampton , MA : Media Education Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Kilbourne , J. ( 1987 ). Still killing us softly . Cambridge , MA : Cambridge Documentary Films .
   Google Scholar
• Lerum , K. ( 2004 ). Sexuality, power, & camraderie in service work . Gender & Society , 18 , 756 – 776 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorde , A. ( 1984 ). The uses of the erotic as power . In A. Lorde (Ed.), Sister outsider: Essays and speeches . Freedom , CA : Crossing Press .
   Google Scholar
• MacKinnon , C. A. ( 1987 ). Feminism unmodified: Discourses on life and law . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• MacKinnon , C. A. ( 1993 ). Only words . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• MacNeil , M. ( 1994 ). Active women, media representations, and ideology . In S. Birrell & C. Cole (Eds.), Women, sport, and culture . (pp. 273 – 287 ). Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Marks , L. ( 2001 ). Sexual chemistry: A history of the contraceptive pill . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Messner , M. ( 1990 ). When bodies are weapons: Masculinity and violence in sport . International Review for the Sociology of Sport , 25 , 203 – 220 .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , T. ( 2001 ). SportSex . Philadelphia : Temple University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Olivardia , R. , Pope , H. G. , Borowiecki , J. J. , & Cohane , G. H. ( 2004 ). Biceps and body image: The relationship between muscularity and self-esteem, depression, and eating disorder symptoms . Psychology of Men & Masculinity , 5 , 112 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Pharr , S. ( 1988 ). Homophobia: A weapon of sexism . Inverness , CA : Chardon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pope , H. G. , Olivardia , R. , Gruber , A. , & Borowiecki , J. ( 1999 ). Evolving ideals of male body image as seen through action toys . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 23 , 65 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope , H. G. , Phillips , K. , & Olivardia , R. ( 2000 ). The Adonis complex: The secret crisis of male body obsession . New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Quinlan , A. ( 1999 ). Barbie at 35 . In Y. Z. McDonough (Ed.), The Barbie chronicles: A living doll turns 40 (pp. 117 – 120 ). New York : Touchstone Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rand , E. ( 1995 ). Barbie's queer accessories . Durham , NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rich , A. ( 1980 ). Compulsory heterosexuality and lesbian existence . Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society , 5 , 631 – 660 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , G. ( 1984 ). Thinking sex: Notes for a radical theory of the politics of sexuality . In C. Vance (Ed.), Pleasure and danger . (pp. 1 – 28 ). Boston : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Rubin , G. ( 2002 ). Studying sexual subcultures: Excavating the ethnography of gay communities in urban North America . In E. Lewin & W. Leap (Eds.), Out in theory: The emergence of lesbian and gay anthropology (pp. 17 – 66 ). Urbana : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sabo , D. ( 1995 ). Pigskin, patriarchy, and pain . In M. S. Kimmel & M. A. Messner (Eds.), Men's lives (pp. 99 – 101 ). Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Sabo , D. , & Gordon , F. , ( 1995 ). Rethinking men's health and illness . In D. Sabo & F. Gordon (Eds.), Men's health and illness: Gender, power, and the body (pp. 1 – 21 ). Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Schaffner , L. ( 2005 ). Capacity, consent, and the construction of adulthood . In E. Bernstein & L. Schaffner (Eds.), Regulating sex: The politics of intimacy and identity (pp. 189 – 205 ). New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Schooler , D. , Ward , L. M. , Merriwether , A. , & Caruthers , A. ( 2005 ). Cycles of shame: Mentrual shame, body shame, and sexual decision-making . Journal of Sex Research , 42 , 324 – 334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedgh , G. , Jackson , E. , & Ibrahim , B. ( 2005 ). Toward the abandonment of female genital cutting: Advancing research, communication, and collaboration . Culture, Health, and Sexuality , 7 , 425 – 427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal , L. ( 1990 ). Straight sex: Rethinking the politics of pleasure . Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Snitow , A. B. , Stansell , C. , & Thompson , S. ( 1983 ). Powers of desire: The politics of sexuality . New York : Monthly Review Press .
   Google Scholar
• The Audre Lorde Project. Retrieved March 15, 2007, from http://alp.org/about/audre
   Google Scholar
• Tolman , D. L. ( 1994 ). Doing desire: Adolescent girls' struggles for/with sexuality . Gender & Society , 8 , 324 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolman , D. L. ( 2002 ). Dilemmas of desire: Teenage girls talk about sexuality . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tone , A. ( 2001 ). Devices and desires: A history of contraceptives in America() , 1st ed. . New York : Hill and Wang .
   Google Scholar
• Vance , C. ( 1984 ). Pleasure and danger: Toward a politics of sexuality . In C. S. Vance (Ed.), Pleasure and danger: Exploring female sexuality (pp. 1 – 27 ). Boston : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• van Leuven , L. ( 1998 ). “I need a screw”: Workplace sexualization as an interactional achievement . In J. O'Brien & J. A. Howard (Eds.), Everyday inequalities: Critical inquiries (pp. 73 – 96 ). Malden , MA : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Ward , L. M. , Day , K. M. , & Epstein , M. ( 2006 ). Uncommonly good: Exploring how mass media may be a positive influence on young women's sexual health and development . New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development , 112 , 57 – 70 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolf , N. ( 1991 ). The beauty myth: How images of beauty are used against women . New York : Morrow .
   Google Scholar
• World Association for Sexual Health. Retrieved March 15, 2007, from http://www.worldsexology.org/about_sexualrights.asp
   Google Scholar
• Young , I. M. ( 1990 ). Throwing like a girl: A phenomenology of feminine body comportment, motility, and spatiality . In I. M. Young (Ed.), Throwing like a girl and other essays in feminist philosophy and social theory (pp. 141 – 159 ). Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Young , K. ( 1993 ). Violence, risk, and liability in male sports culture . Sociology of Sport Journal , 10 , 373 – 396 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar