Sexual orientation of human offspring may be altered by severe maternal stress during pregnancy

References

• Dorner , G. , Geier , T. , Ahrens , L. , Krell , L. , Munx , G. , Sieler , H. , Kittner , E. and Muller , H. 1980 . Prenatal stress and possible aetiogenetic factor homosexuality in human males . Endokrinologie , 75 : 365 – 368 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dorner , G. , Schenk , B. , Schmiedel , B. and Ahrens , L. 1983 . Stressful events in prenatal life and bi‐ and homosexual men . Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology , 81 : 83 – 87 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Durden‐Smith , J. and DeSimone , D. 1983 . Sex and the Brain , New York : Warner .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , L. and Ames , M. A. 1987 . Prenatal neurohormonal functioning and sexual orientation: A theory of homosexuality‐heterosexuality . Psychological Bulletin , 101 : 233 – 258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , L. , Burke , D. M. and Ames , M. A. 1987 . Sexual orientation measured as a continuous variable . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 16 : 523 – 529 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feder , H. H. 1984 . Hormones and sexual behavior . Annual Review of Psychology , 35 : 165 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heritage , A. S. , Stumpf , W. E. , Sar , M. and Grant , L. D. 1980 . Brainstem catecholamine neurons are target sites for sex steroid hormones . Science , 207 : 1377 – 1379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skogan , W. G. 1978 . Victimization Surveys and Criminal Justice Planning , Washington, DC : United States Government Printing Office . (Stock #027–000–00670–1)
   Google Scholar
• Ward , I. L. 1984 . The prenatal stress syndrome: Current status . Psychoeuroendocrinology , 9 : 3 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward , I. L. and Weisz , J. 1984 . Differential effects of maternal stress on circulating levels of corticosterone, progesterone, and testosterone in male and female rat fetuses and their mothers . Endocrinology , 114 : 1635 – 1644 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West , D. J. 1977 . Homosexuality Re‐Examined , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar