References
- Aspenlieder, L., Buchanan, C. M., McDougall, P. & Sippola, L. K. (2009). Gender nonconformity and peer victimization in pre- and early adolescence. European Journal of Developmental Science, 3, 3–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.3233/DEV-2009-3103
- Baams, L., Beek, T., Hille, H., Zevenbergen, F. C. & Bos, H. M. W. (2013). Gender nonconformity, perceived stigmatization, and psychological well-being in Dutch sexual minority youth and young adults: A mediation analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 765–773. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-0055-z
- Bailey, J. M. & Zucker, K. J. (1995). Childhood sex-typed behaviour and sexual orientation: A conceptual analysis and quantitative review. Developmental Psychology, 31, 43–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.31.1.43
- Barrett, A. E. & White, H. R. (2002). Trajectories of gender role orientations in adolescence and early adulthood: A prospective study of the mental health effects of masculinity and femininity. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43, 451–468. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/3090237
- Bogaert, A. F. & Hafer, C. L. (2009). Predicting the timing of coming out in gay and bisexual men from world beliefs, physical attractiveness, and childhood gender identity/role. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 1991–2019. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00513.x
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (2005). Making human beings human: Bioecological perspectives on human development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Brown, B. B. (1990). Peer groups and peer group cultures. In S. S. Feldman & G. R. Elliott (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent (pp. 171–196). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Cairns, R. B., Xie, H. & Leung, M. C. (1998). The popularity of friendships and the neglect of social networks: Toward a new balance. In W. M. Bukowski & A. H. Cillessen (Eds.), Sociometry then and now: Building on six decades of measuring children's experiences with the peer group (pp. 25–53). San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
- Collier, K. L., Bos, H. M. W. & Sandfort, T. G. M. (2013). Homophobic name-calling among secondary school students and its implications for mental health. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 363–375. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9823-2
- D'Augelli, A. R., Grossman, A. H. & Starks, M. T. (2006). Childhood gender atypicality, victimization, and PTSD among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21, 1462–1482. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260506293482
- D'Augelli, A. R., Pilkington, N. W. & Hershberger, S. L. (2002). Incidence and mental health impact of sexual orientation victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths in high school. School Psychology Quarterly, 17, 148–167. doi:https://doi.org/10.1521/scpq.17.2.148.20854
- Derogatis, L. R. (1993). BSI Brief Symptom Inventory: Administration, scoring, and procedure manual (4th ed.). Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems.
- Ewing Lee, E. A. & Troop-Gordon, W. (2011). Peer socialization of masculinity and femininity: Differential effects of overt and relational forms of peer victimization. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 29, 197–213. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835X.2010.02022.x
- Gavin, L. A. & Furman, W. (1989). Age differences in adolescents’ perceptions of their peer groups. Developmental Psychology, 25, 827–834. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.25.5.827
- Hayes, A. F. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling [White paper]. Retrieved from http://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf
- Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Horn, S. (2005). Adolescents’ peer interactions: Conflict and coordination among personal expression, social norms, and moral reasoning. In L. Nucci (Ed.), Conflict, contradiction, and contrarian elements in moral development and education (pp. 113–129). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Johnson, K. L. & Ghavami, N. (2011). At the crossroads of conspicuous and concealable: What race categories communicate about sexual orientation. PLoS One, 6, e18025. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018025
- Krieger, N. (2001). Theories for social epidemiology in the 21st century: An ecosocial perspective. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30, 668–677. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/30.4.668
- Lippa, R. A. (2000). Gender-related traits in gay men, lesbian women, and heterosexual men and women: The virtual identity of homosexual- heterosexual diagnosticity and gender diagnosticity. Journal of Personality, 68, 899–926. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00120
- Lippa, R. A. (2002). Gender-related traits of heterosexual and homosexual men and women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 83–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014035302843
- Maccoby, E. E. (1998). The two sexes: Growing up apart, coming together. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
- Mattick, R. P. & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 455–470. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10031-6
- McMaster, L. E., Connolly, J., Pepler, D. & Craig, W. M. (2002). Peer to peer sexual harassment in early adolescence: A developmental perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 91–105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579402001050
- Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 38–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2137286
- Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674–697. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
- Namaste, K. (1996). Genderbashing: Sexuality, gender, and the regulation of public space. Environment and Planning D, 14, 221–240. doi:https://doi.org/10.1068/d140221
- Pascoe, C. J. (2007). Dude, you're a fag. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Pleck, J. H. (1975). Masculinity-femininity. Sex Roles, 1, 161–178. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00288009
- Plummer, D. C. (2001). The quest for modern manhood: Masculine stereotypes, peer culture, and the social significance of homophobia. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 15–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2000.0370
- Poteat, V. P. & Espelage, D. L. (2005). Exploring the relation between bullying and homophobic verbal content: The Homophobic Content Agent Target (HCAT) Scale. Violence and Victims, 20, 513–528. doi:https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.2005.20.5.513
- Preacher, K. & Kelley, K. (2011). Effect size measures for mediation models: Quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects. Psychological Methods, 16, 93–115. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022658
- Rebecca, M., Hefner, R. & Oleshansky, B. (1976). A model of sex-role transcendence. Journal of Social Issues, 32, 197–206. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1976.tb02607.x
- Rieger, G., Linsenmeier, J. A. W., Gygax, L. & Bailey, J. M. (2008). Sexual orientation and childhood gender nonconformity: Evidence from home videos. Developmental Psychology, 44, 46–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.46
- Rieger, G. & Savin-Williams, R. C. (2012). Gender nonconformity, sexual orientation, and psychological well-being. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 611–621. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-011-9738-0
- Roberts, A. L., Rosario, M., Slopen, N., Calzo, J. P. & Austin, S. B. (2013). Childhood gender nonconformity, bullying victimization, and depressive symptoms across adolescence and early adulthood: An 11-year longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52, 143–152. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.11.006
- Sandfort, T. G. M., Bos, H. M. W., Collier, K. L. & Metselaar, M. (2010). School environment and the mental health of sexual minority youths: A study among Dutch young adolescents. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 1696–1700. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.183095
- Sandfort, T. G. M., Melendez, R. M. & Diaz, R. M. (2007). Gender nonconformity, homophobia, and mental distress in Latino gay and bisexual men. Journal of Sex Research, 44, 181–189. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490701263819
- Savin-Williams, R. C. (2005). The new gay teenager. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Skidmore, W. C., Linsenmeier, J. A.. & Bailey, J. M. (2006). Gender nonconformity and psychological distress in lesbians and gay men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35, 685–697. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-006-9108-5
- Smith, T. & Leaper, C. (2006). Self-perceived gender typicality and the peer context during adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16, 91–104. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00123.x
- Steensma, T., Van Der Ende, J., Verhulst, F. & Cohen-Kettenis, P. (2013). Gender variance in childhood and sexual orientation in adulthood: A prospective study. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10, 2723–2733. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02701.x
- Steinberg, L. & Monahan, K. C. (2007). Age differences in resistance to peer influence. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1531–1543. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1531
- Toomey, R. B., Ryan, C., Diaz, R. M., Card, N. A. & Russell, S. T. (2010). Gender-nonconforming lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: School victimization and young adult psychosocial adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 46, 1580–1589. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020705
- Valentova, J., Rieger, G., Havlicek, J., Linsenmeier, J. A. W. & Bailey, J. M. (2011). Judgments of sexual orientation and masculinity–femininity based on thin slices of behavior: A cross-cultural comparison. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 1145–1152. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-011-9818-1
- Van Beusekom, G., Roodenburg, S. C. & Bos, H. M. W. (2012). De rol van seksuele aantrekking tot hetzelfde geslacht en gender nonconformiteit in relaties van adolescenten met leeftijdgenoten [The role of same-sex attraction and gender nonconformity in adolescents’ relations with peers]. Kind en Adolescent, 33, 251–263. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12453-012-0031-3
- Wyss, S. (2004). “This was my hell”: The violence experienced by gender non-conforming youth in US high schools. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 17, 709–730. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0951839042000253676
- Young, R. & Sweeting, H. (2004). Adolescent bullying, relationships, psychological well-being, and gender-atypical behavior: A gender diagnosticity approach. Sex Roles, 50, 525–537. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SERS.0000023072.53886.86