Intersectional Epistemologies of Ignorance: How Behavioral and Social Science Research Shapes What We Know, Think We Know, and Don’t Know About U.S. Black Men’s Sexualities

References

• #BlackLivesMatter. (2015). All #BlackLivesMatter. This is not a moment, but a movement. Retrieved from http://blacklivesmatter.com/
   Google Scholar
• Alcoff, L. M. (2007). Epistemologies of ignorance: Three types. In S. Sullivan & N. Tuana (Eds.), Race and epistemologies of ignorance (pp. 39–57). Albany: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York, NY: New Press.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association Center for Workforce Studies. (2010). 2010: Race/ethnicity of doctorate recipients in psychology in the past 10 years. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/workforce/publications/10-race/index.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Amos, C., Peters, R. J., Williams, L., Johnson, R. J., Martin, Q., & Yacoubian, G. S. (2008). The link between recent sexual abuse and drug use among African American male college students: It’s not just a female problem in and around campus. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 40, 161–166. doi:10.1080/02791072.2008.10400626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astone, N. M., Pleck, J. H., Dariotis, J. M., Marcell, A. V., Emerson, M., Shapiro, S., & Sonenstein, F. L. (2013). Union status and sexual risk behavior among men in their 30s. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 45, 204–209. doi:10.1363/4520413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayala, G., Bingham, T., Kim, J., Wheeler, D. P., & Millett, G. A. (2012). Modeling the impact of social discrimination and financial hardship on the sexual risk of HIV among Latino and Black men who have sex with men. American Journal of Public Health, 102, S242–S249. doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balaji, A. B., Oster, A. M., Viall, A. H., Heffelfinger, J. D., Mena, L. A., & Toledo, C. A. (2012). Role flexing: How community, religion, and family shape the experiences of young Black men who have sex with men. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 26, 730–737. doi:10.1089/apc.2012.0177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battle, J., & Barnes, S. L. (Eds.). (2010). Black sexualities probing powers, passions, practices, and policies. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bauermeister, J. A., Eaton, L., Andrzejewski, J., Loveluck, J., VanHemert, W., & Pingel, E. S. (2015). Where you live matters: Structural correlates of HIV risk behavior among young men who have sex with men in Metro Detroit. AIDS and Behavior, 19, 2358–2369. doi:10.1007/s10461-015-1180-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beam, J. (1986). Brother to brother: Words from the heart. In J. Beam (Ed.), In the life: A Black gay anthology (pp. 230–242). Boston, MA: Alyson.
   Google Scholar
• Betancourt, H., & Lopez, S. R. (1993). The study of culture, ethnicity, and race in American psychology. American Psychologist, 48, 629–637. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.48.6.629
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bland, S. E., Mimiaga, M. J., Reisner, S. L., White, J. M., Driscoll, M. A., Isenberg, D., … Mayer, K. H. (2012). Sentencing risk: History of incarceration and HIV/STD transmission risk behaviours among Black men who have sex with men in Massachusetts. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 14, 329–345. doi:10.1080/13691058.2011.639902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blankenship, K. M., Bray, S. J., & Merson, M. H. (2000). Structural interventions in public health. AIDS, 14(Suppl. 1), S11–S21. doi:10.1097/00002030-200006001-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block, S. (1999). Lines of color, sex, and service: Comparative sexual coercion in early America. In M. Hodes (Ed.), Sex, love, race: Crossing boundaries in North American history (pp. 141–163). New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bohl, D., Raymond, H., Arnold, M., & McFarland, W. (2009). Concurrent sexual partnerships and racial disparities in HIV infection among men who have sex with men. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 85, 367–369. doi:10.1136/sti.2009.036723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, L., Wheeler, D. P., Millett, G. A., LaPollo, A. B., Carson, L. F., & Liau, A. (2009). Black men who have sex with men and the association of down-low identity with HIV risk behavior. American Journal of Public Health, 99(Suppl. 1), S92–S95. doi:10.2105/ajph.2007.127217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonhomme, J. J., & Young, A. M. (2009). The health status of Black men. In R. L. Braithwaite, S. E. Taylor, & H. M. Treadwell (Eds.), Health issues in the Black community (3rd ed., pp. 73–94). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Bowleg, L. (2012). The problem with the phrase “women and minorities”: Intersectionality, an important theoretical framework for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 1267–1273. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowleg, L. (2013). “Once you’ve blended the cake, you can’t take the parts back to the main ingredients”: Black gay and bisexual men’s descriptions and experiences of intersectionality. Sex Roles, 68, 754–767. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0152-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowleg, L., Burkholder, G. J., Massie, J. S., Wahome, R., Teti, M., Malebranche, D. J., & Tschann, J. M. (2013). Racial discrimination, social support, and sexual HIV risk among Black heterosexual men. AIDS and Behavior, 17, 407–418. doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0179-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowleg, L., Fitz, C. C., Burkholder, G. J., Massie, J., Wahome, R., Teti, M., … Tschann, J. M. (2014). Racial discrimination and posttraumatic stress symptoms as pathways to sexual HIV risk behaviors among urban Black heterosexual men. AIDS Care, 26, 1050–1057. doi:10.1080/09540121.2014.906548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowleg, L., Heckert, A. L., Brown, T. L., & Massie, J. S. (2015). Responsible men, blameworthy women: Black heterosexual men’s discursive constructions of safer sex and masculinity. Health Psychology, 34, 314–327. doi:10.1037/hea0000216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowleg, L., Neilands, T., Tabb-Phillips, L., Burkholder, G. J., Teti, M., Malebranche, D. J., & Tschann, J. M. (2014). Neighborhood context and Black heterosexual men’s sexual HIV risk behaviors. AIDS and Behavior, 18, 2207–2218. doi:10.1007/s10461-014-0803-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowleg, L., Teti, M., Malebranche, D. J., & Tschann, J. M. (2013). “It’s an uphill battle everyday”: Intersectionality, low-income Black heterosexual men and implications for HIV prevention research and interventions. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 14, 25–34. doi:10.1037/a0028392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowleg, L., Teti, M., Massie, J., Patel, A., Malebranche, D. J., & Tschann, J. M. (2011). “What does it take to be a man? What is a real man?”: Ideologies of masculinity and HIV sexual risk among Black heterosexual men. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 13, 545–559. doi:10.1080/13691058.2011.556201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowleg, L., Teti, M., Massie, J., Patel, A., & Tschann, J. M. (2015). “What does it take to be a man? What is a real man?”: Ideologies of masculinity and HIV sexual risk among Black heterosexual men. In P. Aggleton, R. Parker, & F. Thomas (Eds.), Culture, health, and sexuality: An introduction (pp. 65–79). Oxfordshire, United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Bowleg, L., Valera, P., Teti, M., & Tschann, J. M. (2010). Silences, gestures, and words: Nonverbal and verbal communication about HIV/AIDS and condom use in Black heterosexual relationships. Health Communication, 25, 80–90. doi:10.1080/10410230903474019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt, A. M. (1978). Racism and research: The case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. The Hastings Center Report, 8, 21–29. doi:10.2307/3561468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer, R. A., Magnus, M., Kuo, I., Wang, L., Liu, T.-Y., & Mayer, K. H. (2014). The high prevalence of incarceration history among Black men who have sex with men in the United States: Associations and implications. American Journal of Public Health, 104, 448–454. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhi, E. R., Marhefka, S. L., & Hoban, M. T. (2010). The state of the union: Sexual health disparities in a national sample of U.S. college students. Journal of American College Health, 58, 337–346. doi:10.1080/07448480903501780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese, S. K., Rosenberger, J. G., Schick, V. R., & Novak, D. S. (2015). Pleasure, affection, and love Among Black men who have sex with men (MSM) versus MSM of other races: Countering dehumanizing stereotypes via cross-race comparisons of reported sexual experience at last sexual event. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44, 2001–2014. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0405-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbado, D. W. (1999). Black men on race, gender, and sexuality: A critical reader. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carey, M. P., Senn, T. E., Seward, D. X., & Vanable, P. A. (2010). Urban African-American men speak out on sexual partner concurrency: Findings from a qualitative study. AIDS and Behavior, 14, 38–47. doi:10.1007/s10461-008-9406-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, E. A. (2015, September 30). Prisoners in 2014. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin NCJ 248955. Retrieved from http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p14.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Leading causes of death by age group, Black males—United States, 2013. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/men/lcod/2013/blackmales2013.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016a). Lifetime risk of HIV diagnosis among MSM by race/ethnicity. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/images/2016/croi_lifetime_risk_msm_race_ethnicity.jpg
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016b). Lifetime risk of HIV diagnosis by race/ethnicity. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/images/2016/croi_lifetime_risk_race_ethnicity.jpg
   Google Scholar
• Chatterjee, N., Hosain, G. M. M., & Williams, S. (2006). Condom use with steady and casual partners in inner city African-American communities. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 82, 238–242. doi:10.1136/sti.2005.018259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, K. H., Han, C. S., Paul, J., & Ayala, G. (2011). Strategies for managing racism and homophobia among U.S. ethnic and racial minority men who have sex with men. AIDS Education and Prevention, 23, 145–158. doi:10.1521/aeap.2011.23.2.145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, H. T., & Johnson, L. B. (1978). Premarital coitus and the Southern Black: A comparative view. Journal of Marriage and Family, 40, 721–732. doi:10.2307/351193
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (1993). Applying social psychological models to predicting HIV-related sexual risk behaviors among African Americans. Journal of Black Psychology, 19, 142–154. doi:10.1177/00957984930192005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coleman, C. L., & Ball, K. (2009). Predictors of self-efficacy to use condoms among seropositive middle-aged African American men. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 31, 889–904. doi:10.1177/0193945909339895
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, P. H. (1991). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, P. H. (2005). Black sexual politics: African Americans, gender, and the new racism. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, H. L. F., Linton, S., Haley, D. F., Kelley, M. E., Dauria, E. F., Karnes, C. C., … Bonney, L. E. (2015). Changes in exposure to neighborhood characteristics are associated with sexual network characteristics in a cohort of adults relocating from public housing. AIDS and Behavior, 19, 1016–1030. doi:10.1007/s10461-014-0883-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corneille, M. A., Tademy, R. H., Reid, M. C., Belgrave, F. Z., & Nasim, A. (2008). Sexual safety and risk taking among African American men who have sex with women: A qualitative study. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 9, 207–220. doi:10.1037/a0012768
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. W. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), 139–167. Retrieved from http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8
   Google Scholar
• Crowell, C. N., Delgado-Romero, E. A., Mosley, D. V., & Huynh, S. (2016). “The full has never been told”: Building a theory of sexual health for heterosexual Black men of Caribbean descent. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 18, 860–874. doi:10.1080/13691058.2016.1146335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dale, S. K., Bogart, L. M., Galvan, F. H., Wagner, G. J., Pantalone, D. W., & Klein, D. J. (2016). Discrimination and hate crimes in the context of neighborhood poverty and stressors among HIV-positive African-American men who have sex with men. Journal of Community Health, 41, 574–583. doi:10.1007/s10900-015-0132-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darrow, W. W. (1976). Veneral infections in three ethnic groups in Sacramento. American Journal of Public Health, 66, 446–450. doi:10.2105/AJPH.66.5.446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, A., & Nairn, S. (2013). Race differentials in partnering patterns among older U.S. men: Influence of androgens or religious participation? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 1119–1130. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0096-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, J. K.Sr.,, Moore, N. B., Earle, J. R., & Davis, R. (2008). Sexual attitudes and behavior at four universities: Do region, race, and/or religion matter? Adolescence, 43(170), 189–220. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/195945144/fulltextPDF/9AD57D3FC15047E2PQ/1?accountid=11243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, A. Y. (1983). Women, race, and class. New York, NY: Vintage Books.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, D.-A., & McGlotten, S. (Eds.). (2012). Black genders and sexualities (1st ed.). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• D’Emilio, J., & Freedman, E. B. (2012). Intimate matters: A history of sexuality in America (3rd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Denning, P. H., DiNenno, E. A., & Wiegand, R. E. (2011). Characteristics associated with HIV infection among heterosexuals in urban areas with high AIDS prevalence—24 cities, United States, 2006–2007. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 60, 1045–1049. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Santis, J. P., & Vasquez, E. P. (2011). A pilot study to evaluate ethnic/racial differences in depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and sexual behaviors among men who have sex with men. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 23, 147–164. doi:10.1080/10538720.2011.557853
   Google Scholar
• Doane, W. (2003). Rethinking whiteness studies. In A. W. Doane & E. Bonilla-Silva (Eds.), White out: The continuing significance of racism (pp. 3–18). New York,NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Dodge, B., Jeffries, W. L.IV,, & Sandfort, T. G. (2008). Beyond the down low: Sexual risk, protection, and disclosure among at-risk Black men who have sex with both men and women (MSMW). Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 683–696. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9356-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodge, B., Reece, M., Herbenick, D., Schick, V., Sanders, S. A., & Fortenberry, J. D. (2010). Sexual health among U.S. Black and Hispanic men and women: A nationally representative study. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 7, 330–345. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.02019.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty, I. A., Schoenbach, V. J., & Adimora, A. A. (2009a). Condom use and duration of concurrent partnerships among men in the United States. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 36, 265. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318191ba2a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty, I. A., Schoenbach, V. J., & Adimora, A. A. (2009b). Sexual mixing patterns and heterosexual HIV transmission among African Americans in the Southeastern United States. Journal of AIDS, 52, 114–120. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181ab5e10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duck, W. (2009). Black male sexual politics: Avoidance of HIV/AIDS testing as a masculine health practice. Journal of African American Studies, 13, 283–306. doi:10.1007/s12111-009-9097-2
   Google Scholar
• Egan, J. E., Frye, V., Kurtz, S. P., Latkin, C., Chen, M., Tobin, K., … Koblin, B. A. (2011). Migration, neighborhoods, and networks: Approaches to understanding how urban environmental conditions affect syndemic adverse health outcomes among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 15, 35–50. doi:10.1007/s10461-011-9902-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, R., Botelho, G., & Payne, E. (2015, June 19). Charleston church shooter hears victims’ kin say, “I forgive you.” Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/19/us/charleston-church-shooting-main/
   Google Scholar
• Feldman, M. B., & Meyer, I. H. (2007). Childhood abuse and eating disorders in gay and bisexual men. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40, 418–423. doi:10.1002/eat.20378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fields, E. L., Bogart, L. M., Galvan, F. H., Wagner, G. J., Klein, D. J., & Schuster, M. A. (2013). Association of discrimination-related trauma with sexual risk among HIV-positive African American men who have sex with men. American Journal of Public Health, 103, 875–880. doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.300951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fields, E. L., Bogart, L. M., Smith, K. C., Malebranche, D. J., Ellen, J., & Schuster, M. A. (2012). HIV risk and perceptions of masculinity among young Black men who have sex with men. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50, 296–303. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fields, E. L., Bogart, L. M., Smith, K. C., Malebranche, D. J., Ellen, J., & Schuster, M. A. (2015). “I always felt I had to prove my manhood”: Homosexuality, masculinity, gender role strain, and HIV risk among young Black men who have sex with men. American Journal of Public Health, 105, 122–131. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fields, S. D., Malebranche, D. J., & Feist-Price, S. (2008). Childhood sexual abuse in Black men who have sex with men: Results from three qualitative studies. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14, 385–390. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.14.4.385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine, M., Weis, L., Weseen, S., & Wong, L. (2000). For whom? Qualitative research, representations, and social responsibilities. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 107–131). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Finlay, L. (2002). “Outing” the researcher: The provenance, process, and practice of reflexivity. Qualitative Health Research, 12, 531–545. doi:10.1177/104973202129120052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, C. L., Whetten, K. D., Hall, S. A., Kaufman, J. S., & Thrasher, A. D. (2007). Black sexuality, social construction, and research targeting “The Down Low” (“The DL”). Annals of Epidemiology, 17, 209–216. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frye, V., Bonner, S., Williams, K., Henny, K., Bond, K., Lucy, D., … Koblin, B. A. (2012). Straight Talk: HIV prevention for African-American heterosexual men: Theoretical bases and intervention design. AIDS Education and Prevention, 24, 389–407. doi:10.1521/aeap.2012.24.5.389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frye, V., Ompad, D., Chan, C., Koblin, B. A., Galea, S., & Vlahov, D. (2011). Intimate partner violence perpetration and condom use-related factors: Associations with heterosexual men’s consistent condom use. AIDS and Behavior, 15, 153–162. doi:10.1007/s10461-009-9659-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frye, V., Williams, K., Bond, K. T., Henny, K., Cupid, M., Weiss, L., … Koblin, B. A. (2013). Condom use and concurrent partnering among heterosexually active, African American men: A qualitative report. Journal of Urban Health, 90, 953–969. doi:10.1007/s11524-012-9747-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giami, A. (2002). Sexual health: The Emergence, development, and diversity of a concept. Annual Review of Sex Research, 13, 1–35. doi:10.1080/10532528.2002.10559801
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giddings, P. (1984). When and where I enter: The impact of Black women on race and sex in America. New York, NY: Bantam Books.
   Google Scholar
• Ginther, D. K., Schaffer, W. T., Schnell, J., Masimore, B., Liu, F., Haak, L. L., & Kington, R. (2011). Race, ethnicity, and NIH research awards. Science, 333, 1015–1019. doi:10.1126/science.1196783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goode-Cross, D. T., & Good, G. E. (2009). Managing multiple-minority identities: African American men who have sex with men at predominately White universities. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 2, 103–112. doi:10.1037/a0015780
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, S. (1992). “Most of the subjects were White and middle class”: Trends in published research on African Americans in selected APA journals, 1970–1989. American Psychologist, 47, 629–639. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.47.5.629
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, A. I. (2007). On the horns of a dilemma: Institutional dimensions of the sexual career in a sample of middle-class, urban, Black, gay men. Journal of Black Studies, 37, 753–774. doi:10.1177/0021934705280305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grov, C., Bimbi, D. S., Nan, J., & Parsons, J. T. (2006). Race, ethnicity, gender, and generational factors associated with the coming-out process among gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals. Journal of Sex Research, 43, 115–121. doi:10.1080/00224490609552306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grov, C., Rendina, H. J., Ventuneac, A., & Parsons, J. T. (2016). Sexual behavior varies between same-race and different-race partnerships: A daily diary study of highly sexually active Black, Latino, and White gay and bisexual men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45, 1453–1462. doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0677-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guthrie, R. V. (2004). Even the rat was White: A historical view of psychology (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, N. M., & Applewhite, S. (2013). Masculine ideology, norms, and HIV prevention among young Black men. Journal of HIV/AIDS and Social Services, 12, 384–403. doi:10.1080/15381501.2013.781974
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hallfors, D. D., Iritani, B. J., Miller, W. C., & Bauer, D. J. (2007). Sexual and drug behavior patterns and HIV and STD racial disparities: The need for new directions. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 125–132. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2005.075747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, C.-S., Rutledge, S. E., Bond, L., Lauby, J., & LaPollo, A. B. (2013). You’re better respected when you carry yourself as a man: Black men’s personal accounts of the down low “lifestyle.” Sexuality and Culture, 18, 89–102. doi:10.1007/s12119-013-9192-3
   Google Scholar
• Harawa, N. T., Williams, J. K., Ramamurthi, H. C., & Bingham, T. A. (2006). Perceptions towards condom use, sexual activity, and HIV disclosure among HIV-positive African American men who have sex with men: Implications for heterosexual transmission. Journal of Urban Health, 83, 682–694. doi:10.1007/s11524-006-9067-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding, S. (1991). Whose science? Whose knowledge? Thinking from women’s lives. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.
   Google Scholar
• Hemphill, E. (Ed.). (1991). Brother to brother: Collected writings by Black gay men. Los Angeles, CA: Alyson.
   Google Scholar
• Hicks, M. R., Kogan, S. M., Cho, J., & Oshri, A. (2016). Condom use in the context of main and casual partner concurrency: Individual and relationship predictors in a sample of heterosexual African American men. American Journal of Men’s Health Advance online publication. . doi:10.1177/1557988316649927
   Google Scholar
• Hohman, L. B., & Schaffner, B. (1947). The sex lives of unmarried men. American Journal of Sociology, 52, 501–507. doi:10.1086/220071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, M. A. (2010). All the gays are White and all the Blacks are straight: Black gay men, identity, and community. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 7, 81–92. doi:10.1007/s13178-010-0011-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javanbakht, M., Guerry, S., Gorbach, P. M., Stirland, A., & Chien, M. (2010). Prevalence and correlates of heterosexual anal intercourse among clients attending public sexually transmitted disease clinics in Los Angeles County. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 37, 369–376. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181cbf77d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffries, W. L.IV . (2009). Sociodemographic, sexual, and HIV and other sexually transmitted disease risk profiles of nonhomosexual-identified men who have sex with men. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 1042–1045. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.125674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffries, W. L.IV, & Dodge, B. (2007). Male bisexuality and condom use at last sexual encounter: Results from a national survey. Journal of Sex Research, 44, 278–289. doi:10.1080/00224490701443973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffries, W. L.IV, Marks, G., Lauby, J., Murrill, C., & Millett, G. A. (2013). Homophobia is associated with sexual behavior that increases risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV infection among Black men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 17(4), 1442–1453. doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0189-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffries, W. L.IV, Okeke, J. O., Gelaude, D. J., Torrone, E. A., Gasiorowicz, M., Oster, A. M., … Bertolli, J. (2014). An exploration of religion and spirituality among young, HIV-infected gay and bisexual men in the USA. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 16, 1070–1083. doi:10.1080/13691058.2014.928370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerome, R. C., & Halkitis, P. N. (2009). Stigmatization, stress, and the search for belonging in Black men who have sex with men who use methamphetamine. Journal of Black Psychology, 35, 343–365. doi:10.1177/0095798409333620
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolly, D. H., Mueller, M. P., Chen, M., Alston, L. M., Hawley, M., Okumu, E., … MacQueen, K. M. (2016). Concurrency and other sexual risk behaviors among Black young adults in a Southeastern city. AIDS Education and Prevention, 28, 59–76. doi:10.1521/aeap.2016.28.1.59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. A., Amirkhanian, Y. A., Seal, D. W., Galletly, C. M., Difranceisco, W., Glasman, L. R., … Rosado, N. (2010). Levels and predictors of sexual HIV risk in social networks of men who have sex with men in the Midwest. AIDS Education and Prevention, 22, 483–495. doi:10.1521/aeap.2010.22.6.483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. A., Lawrence, J. S. S., Amirkhanian, Y. A., DiFranceisco, W. J., Anderson-Lamb, M., Garcia, L. I., & Nguyen, M. T. (2013). Levels and predictors of HIV risk behavior among Black men who have sex with men. AIDS Education and Prevention, 25, 49–61. doi:10.1521/aeap.2013.25.1.49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, D. P., Brown, R. A., Golinelli, D., Wenzel, S. L., Tucker, J. S., & Wertheimer, S. R. (2013). Masculinity and HIV risk among homeless men in Los Angeles. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 14, 156–167. doi:10.1037/a0027570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, M. R., Golin, C. E., Friedman, S., Scheidell, J., Adimora, A. A., Judon-Monk, S., … Oza, K. (2015). STI/HIV sexual risk behavior and prevalent STI among incarcerated African American men in committed partnerships: The significance of poverty, mood disorders, and substance use. AIDS and Behavior, 19, 1478–1490. doi:10.1007/s10461-015-1062-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, M. R., Kaufman, J. S., Pence, B. W., Gaynes, B. N., Adimora, A. A., Weir, S. S., & Miller, W. C. (2009). Depression, sexually transmitted infection, and sexual risk behavior among young adults in the United States. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 163, 644–652. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, M. R., Miller, W. C., Schoenbach, V. J., Weir, S. S., Kaufman, J. S., Wohl, D. A., & Adimora, A. A. (2008). Timing and duration of incarceration and high-risk sexual partnerships among African Americans in North Carolina. Annals of Epidemiology, 18, 403–410. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk, S. A. (1975). The sex offenses of Blacks and Whites. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 4, 295–302. doi:10.1007/bf01541629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kogan, S. M., Cho, J., Barnum, S. C., & Brown, G. L. (2015). Correlates of concurrent sexual partnerships among young, rural African American men. Public Health Reports, 130(4), 392–399. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4547586/pdf/phr130000392.pdf
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer, M. A., Aral, S. O., & Curran, J. W. (1980). Self-reported behavior patterns of patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. American Journal of Public Health, 70, 997–1000. doi:10.2105/AJPH.70.9.997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krieger, N. (2012). Methods for the scientific study of discrimination and health: An ecosocial approach. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 936–944. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krieger, N., Williams, D. R., & Moss, N. E. (1997). Measuring social class in U.S. public health research: Concepts, methodologies, and guidelines. Annual Review of Public Health, 18, 341–378. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.18.1.341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaPollo, A. B., Bond, L., & Lauby, J. L. (2014). Hypermasculinity and sexual risk among Black and White men who have sex with men and women. American Journal of Men’s Health, 8, 362–372. doi:10.1177/1557988313512861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, L. J., & Kertzner, R. M. (2003). Toward improved interpretation and theory building of African American male sexualities. Journal of Sex Research, 40, 383–395. doi:10.1080/00224490209552204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, M. J., Frank, H. G., Harawa, N. T., Williams, J. K., Chou, C.-P., & Bluthenthal, R. N. (2016). Racial pride and condom use in post-incarcerated African-American men who have sex with men and women: Test of a conceptual model for the men in life environments intervention. Archives of Sexual Behavior Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0734-2
   Google Scholar
• Lick, D. J., & Johnson, K. L. (2015). Intersecting race and gender cues are associated with perceptions of gay men’s preferred sexual roles. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44, 1471–1481. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0472-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lott, B. (2002). Cognitive and behavioral distancing from the poor. American Psychologist, 57, 100–110. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.57.2.100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackenzie, S. (2000). Scientific silence: AIDS and African Americans in the medical literature. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 1145–1146. doi:10.2105/AJPH.90.7.1145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malebranche, D. J., Fields, E. L., Bryant, L. O., & Harper, S. R. (2009). Masculine socialization and sexual risk behaviors among Black men who have sex with men: A qualitative exploration. Men and Masculinities, 12, 90–112. doi:10.1177/1097184X07309504
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martos, A. J., Valera, P., Bockting, W. O., & Wilson, P. A. (2016). Exploring sexual health among young Black men who have sex with men in New York City. Health Education Research, 31, 295–313. doi:10.1093/her/cyw013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May, V. M. (2015). Pursuing intersectionality, unsettling dominant imaginaries. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mays, V. M., & Cochran, S. D. (1988). Issues in the perception of AIDS risk and risk reduction activities by Black and Hispanic/Latina women. American Psychologist, 43, 949–957. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.43.11.949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGruder, K. (2010). Pathologizing Black male sexuality. In J. Battle & S. L. Barnes (Eds.), Black sexualities probing powers, passions, practices, and policies (pp. 119–137). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Meanley, S., Pingel, E. S., & Bauermeister, J. A. (2016). Psychological well-being among religious and spiritual-identified young gay and bisexual men. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 13, 35–45. doi:10.1007/s13178-015-0199-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, C. W. (1997). The racial contract. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.
   Google Scholar
• Mills, C. W. (2007). White ignorance. In S. Sullivan & N. Tuana (Eds.), Race and epistemologies of ignorance (pp. 13–38). Albany: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mustanski, B., Birkett, M., Kuhns, L. M., Latkin, C. A., & Muth, S. Q. (2015). The role of geographic and network factors in racial disparities in HIV among young men who have sex with men: An egocentric network study. AIDS and Behavior, 19, 1037–1047. doi:10.1007/s10461-014-0955-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagel, J. (2004). Race, ethnicity, and sexuality: Intimate intersections. forbidden frontiers: New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• National Institutes of Health Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research. (2010). BSSR definition. Retrieved from https://obssr.od.nih.gov/about-us/bssr-definition/
   Google Scholar
• National Science Foundation. (2016). Table 24. Doctorate recipients from U.S. universities, 2015. Retrieved from https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2017/nsf17306/data.cfm
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, L. E., Wilton, L., Moineddin, R., Zhang, N., Siddiqi, A., Sa, T., … Team, H. S. (2016). Economic, legal, and social hardships associated with HIV risk among Black men who have sex with men in six U.S. cities. Journal of Urban Health, 93, 170–188. doi:10.1007/s11524-015-0020-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, L. E., Wilton, L., Zhang, N., Regan, R., Thach, C. T., Dyer, T. V., … Team, H. S. (2016). Childhood exposure to religions with high prevalence of members who discourage homosexuality is associated with adult HIV risk behaviors and HIV infection in Black men who have sex with men. American Journal of Men’s Health Advance online publication. . doi:10.1177/1557988315626264
   Google Scholar
• Neville, H. A., Awad, G. H., Brooks, J. E., Flores, M. P., & Bluemel, J. (2013). Color-blind racial ideology: Theory, training, and measurement implications in psychology. American Psychologist, 68, 455–466. doi:10.1037/a0033282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunn, A., Dickman, S., Cornwall, A., Rosengard, C., Kwakwa, H., Kim, D., … Mayer, K. H. (2011). Social, structural, and behavioral drivers of concurrent partnerships among African American men in Philadelphia. AIDS Care, 23, 1392–1399. doi:10.1080/09540121.2011.565030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ompad, D. C., Strathdee, S. A., Celentano, D. D., Latkin, C., Poduska, J. M., Kellam, S. G., & Ialongo, N. S. (2006). Predictors of early initiation of vaginal and oral sex among urban young adults in Baltimore, Maryland. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35, 53–65. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-8994-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Operario, D., Smith, C. D., & Kegeles, S. (2008). Social and psychological context for HIV risk in non-gay-identified African American men who have sex with men. AIDS Education and Prevention, 20, 347–359. doi:10.1080/09540121.2011.565030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, R. (2015). Sexuality, culture and society: Shifting paradigms in sexuality research. In P. Aggleton, R. Parker, & F. Thomas (Eds.), Culture, health, and sexuality: An introduction (pp. 9–22). Oxfordshire, United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Pastuszak, A. W., Wenker, E. P., Smith, P. B., Abacan, A., Lamb, D. J., Lipshultz, L. I., & Buzi, R. (2016). Comprehensive assessment of health needs of young minority males attending a family planning clinic. American Journal of Men’s Health Advance online publication. . doi:10.1177/1557988316629627
   Google Scholar
• Payne, J. S., Galvan, F. H., Williams, J. K., Prusinski, M., Zhang, M., Wyatt, G. E., & Myers, H. F. (2014). Impact of childhood sexual abuse on the emotions and behaviours of adult men from three ethnic groups in the USA. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 16, 231–245. doi:10.1080/13691058.2013.867074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Peña, R. (2017, January 27). Woman linked to 1955 Emmett Till murder tells historian her claims were false. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/27/us/emmett-till-lynching-carolyn-bryant-donham.html
   Google Scholar
• Petroll, A. E., & Mosack, K. E. (2011). Physician awareness of sexual orientation and preventive health recommendations to men who have sex with men. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 38, 63–67. doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e3181ebd50f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petticrew, M., & Roberts, H. (2006). Systematic reviews in the social sciences: A practical guide. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. (2016). Sharp differences over who is hurt, helped by their race. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/07/18/sharp-differences-over-who-is-hurt-helped-by-their-race/
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, G., Magnus, M., Kuo, I., Rawls, A., Peterson, J., Montanez, L., … Greenberg, A. E. (2014). Childhood sexual abuse and HIV-related risks among men who have sex with men in Washington, DC. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43, 771–778. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0267-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radcliffe, J., Beidas, R., Hawkins, L., & Doty, N. (2011). Trauma and sexual risk among sexual minority African American HIV-positive young adults. Traumatology, 17, 24–33. doi:10.1177/1534765610365911
   Google Scholar
• Raj, A., Reed, E., Santana, M. C., Welles, S. L., Horsburgh, C. R., Flores, S. A., & Silverman, J. G. (2008). History of incarceration and gang involvement are associated with recent sexually transmitted disease/HIV diagnosis in African American men. Journal of AIDS, 47, 131–134. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e31815a5731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raj, A., Reed, E., Welles, S. L., Santana, M. C., & Silverman, J. G. (2008). Intimate partner violence perpetration, risky sexual behavior, and STI/HIV diagnosis among heterosexual African American men. American Journal of Men’s Health, 2, 291–295. doi:10.1177/1557988308320269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raj, A., Santana, M. C., La Marche, A., Amaro, H., Cranston, K., & Silverman, J. G. (2006). Perpetration of intimate partner violence associated with sexual risk behaviors among young adult men. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 1873–1878. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2005.081554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramisetty-Mikler, S., Caetano, R., & McGrath, C. (2007). Sexual aggression among White, Black, and Hispanic couples in the U.S.: Alcohol use, physical assault, and psychological aggression as its correlates. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 33, 31–43. doi:10.1080/00952990601082639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randolph, M. E., Torres, H., Gore-Felton, C., Lloyd, B., & McGarvey, E. L. (2009). Alcohol use and sexual risk behavior among college students: Understanding gender and ethnic differences. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 35, 80–84. doi:10.1080/00952990802585422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymond, H. F., Chen, Y.-H., Syme, S., Catalano, R., Hutson, M., & McFarland, W. (2014). The role of individual and neighborhood factors: HIV acquisition risk among high-risk populations in San Francisco. AIDS and Behavior, 18, 346–356. doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0508-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiss, I. L. (1964). Premarital sexual permissiveness among Negroes and Whites. American Sociological Review, 29(5), 688–698. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2091419
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, S. D., Hergenrather, K., Vissman, A., Stowers, J., Davis, A., Hannah, A., … Marsiglia, F. (2011). Boys must be men, and men must have sex with women: A qualitative CBPR study to explore sexual risk among African American, Latino, and White gay men and MSM. American Journal of Men’s Health, 5, 140–151. doi:10.1177/1557988310366298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, S. D., Yee, L., & Hergenrather, K. (2006). A community-based rapid assessment of HIV behavioural risk disparities within a large sample of gay men in Southeastern USA: A comparison of African American, Latino, and White men. AIDS Care, 18, 1018–1024. doi:10.1080/09540120600568731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, S. M., Khan, M. R., Tan, S., Turner, C. F., Miller, W. C., & Erbelding, E. (2012). Incarceration, high-risk sexual partnerships, and sexually transmitted infections in an urban population. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 88, 63–68. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2011-050280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rust, P. C. (2003). Finding a sexual identity and community: Therapeutic implications and cultural assumptions in scientific models of coming out. In L. D. Garnets & D. C. Kimmel (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian, gay, and bisexual experiences (2nd ed., pp. 227–269). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rutledge, S. E., Jemmott, J. B., O’Leary, A., & Icard, L. D. (2016). What’s in an identity label? correlates of sociodemographics, psychosocial characteristics, and sexual behavior among African American men who have sex with men. Archives of Sexual Behavior Advance online publication. . doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0776-5
   Google Scholar
• Saleh, L. D., & Operario, D. (2009). Moving beyond “the down low”: A critical analysis of terminology guiding HIV prevention efforts for African American men who have secretive sex with men. Social Science and Medicine, 68, 390–395. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shearer, K., Khosropour, C., Stephenson, R., & Sullivan, P. S. (2012). Do bisexual men tell their female partners about having male partners? Results from a national online HIV prevention survey in the United States. International Journal of Sexual Health, 24, 195–204. doi:10.1080/19317611.2012.686965
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slatton, B. C., & Spates, K. (Eds.). (2014). Hyper sexual, hyper masculine? Gender, race, and sexuality in the identities of contemporary Black men. Surrey, United Kingdom: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Smallwood, S. W., Spencer, S. M., Ingram, L. A., Thrasher, J. F., & Thompson-Robinson, M. V. (2017). Examining the relationships between religiosity, spirituality, internalized homonegativity, and condom use among African American men who have sex with men in the Deep South. American Journal of Men’s Health, 11(2), 196–207. doi:10.1177/1557988315590835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southern Poverty Law Center. (2016, November 18). SPLC Hatewatch: Update—Incidents of hateful harassment since Election Day now number 701. Retrieved from https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/11/18/update-incidents-hateful-harassment-election-day-now-number-701
   Google Scholar
• Spencer, R. A., Renner, L. M., & Clark, C. J. (2016). Patterns of dating violence perpetration and victimization in U.S. young adult males and females. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31, 2576–2597. doi:10.1177/0886260515579506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprecher, S., Treger, S., & Sakaluk, J. K. (2013). Premarital sexual standards and sociosexuality: Gender, ethnicity, and cohort differences. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 1395–1405. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0145-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staples, R. (1978). Race, liberalism-conservatism, and premarital sexual permissiveness: A bi-racial comparison. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 40, 733–742. doi:10.2307/351194
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staples, R. (2006). Exploring Black sexuality. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan, P. S., Peterson, J., Rosenberg, E. S., Kelley, C. F., Cooper, H., Vaughan, A., … DiClemente, R. (2014). Understanding racial HIV/STI disparities in Black and White men who have sex with men: A multilevel approach. PLOS One, 9, e90514. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, S., & Tuana, N. (2007). Introduction. In S. Sullivan & N. Tuana (Eds.), Race and epistemologies of ignorance (pp. 1–10). Albany: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sutker, P. B., & Gilliard, R. S. (1970). Personal sexual attitudes and behavior in Blacks and Whites. Psychological Reports, 27, 753–754. doi:10.2466/pr0.1970.27.3.753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton, M. Y., Lanier, Y. A., Willis, L. A., Castellanos, T., Dominguez, K., Fitzpatrick, L., & Miller, K. S. (2013). Strengthening the network of mentored, underrepresented minority scientists and leaders to reduce HIV-related health fisparities. American Journal of Public Health, 103, 2207–2214. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, B. S., Chiasson, M. A., Scheinmann, R., Hirshfield, S., Humberstone, M., Remien, R. H., … Wong, T. (2012). Results from two online surveys comparing sexual risk behaviors in Hispanic, Black, and White men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 16, 644–652. doi:10.1007/s10461-011-9983-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, E. M., Behets, F. M., Schoenbach, V. J., Miller, W. C., Doherty, I. A., & Adimora, A. A. (2011). Coparenting and sexual partner concurrency among White, Black, and Hispanic men in the United States. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 38, 293–298. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181fc7005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiefer, L. (1996). The medicalization of sexuality: Conceptual, normative, and professional issues. Annual Review of Sex Research, 7, 252. doi:10.1080/10532528.1996.10559915
   Google Scholar
• Tieu, H.-V., Liu, T.-Y., Hussen, S., Connor, M., Wang, L., Buchbinder, S., … Latkin, C. (2015). Sexual networks and HIV risk among Black men who have sex with men in 6 U.S. cities. PLOS One, 10, e0134085–e0134085. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Till-Mobley, M., & Benson, C. (2003). Death of innocence: The story of the hate crime that changed America. New York, NY: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2016, October). The employment situation (USDL-16-2095). Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/empsit.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2015). Sex by age (Black or African American alone) 2015 American Community Survey 1-year estimates. Retrieved from https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_15_1YR_B01001B&prodType=table
   Google Scholar
• Walker, J. N. J., Longmire-Avital, B., & Golub, S. (2015). Racial and sexual identities as potential buffers to risky sexual behavior for Black gay and bisexual emerging adult men. Health Psychology, 34, 841–846. doi:10.1037/hea0000187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins, T. L.Jr,, Simpson, C., Cofield, S. S., Davies, S., Kohler, C., & Usdan, S. (2016). The relationship between HIV risk, high-risk behavior, religiosity, and spirituality among Black men who have sex with men (MSM): An exploratory study. Journal of Religion and Health, 55, 535–548. doi:10.1007/s10943-015-0142-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, L., & Parra-Medina, D. (2003). Intersectionality and women’s health: Charting a path to eliminating health disparities. Advances in Gender Research, 7, 181–230. doi:10.1016/S1529-2126(03)07006-1
   Google Scholar
• Welles, S. L., Baker, A. C., Miner, M. H., Brennan, D. J., Jacoby, S., & Rosser, B. (2009). History of childhood sexual abuse and unsafe anal intercourse in a 6-city study of HIV-positive men who have sex with men. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 1079–1086. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.133280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welles, S. L., Corbin, T. J., Rich, J. A., Reed, E., & Raj, A. (2011). Intimate partner violence among men having sex with men, women, or both: Early-life sexual and physical abuse as antecedents. Journal of Community Health, 36, 477–485. doi:10.1007/s10900-010-9331-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, C. (1993). Race matters. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• White, J. M., Reisner, S. L., Dunham, E., & Mimiaga, M. J. (2014). Race-based sexual preferences in a sample of online profiles of urban men seeking sex with men. Journal of Urban Health, 91, 768–775. doi:10.1007/s11524-013-9853-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitfield, K. E., Allaire, J. C., Belue, R., & Edwards, C. L. (2008). Are comparisons the answer to understanding behavioral aspects of aging in racial and ethnic groups? Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63, P301–P308. doi:10.1093/geronb/63.5.P301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, J. K., Wilton, L., Magnus, M., Wang, L., Wang, J., Dyer, T. P., … Shoptaw, S. (2015). Relation of childhood sexual abuse, intimate partner violence, and depression to risk factors for HIV among Black men who have sex with men in 6 U.S. cities. American Journal of Public Health, 105, 2473–2481. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, P. A., Valera, P., Ventuneac, A., Balan, I., Rowe, M., & Carballo-Dieguez, A. (2009). Race-based sexual stereotyping and sexual partnering among men who use the Internet to identify other men for bareback sex. Journal of Sex Research, 46, 399–413. doi:10.1080/00224490902846479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolitski, R. J., Jones, K. T., Wasserman, J. L., & Smith, J. C. (2006). Self-identification as “down low” among men who have sex with men (MSM) from 12 U.S. cities. AIDS and Behavior, 10, 519–529. doi:10.1007/s10461-006-9095-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2006). Defining sexual health: Report of a technical consultation on sexual health, 28–31 January 2002, Geneva Geneva, Switzerland: . Author. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/sexual_health/defining_sexual_health.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Yudell, M., Roberts, D., DeSalle, R., & Tishkoff, S. (2016). Taking race out of human genetics: Engaging a century-long debate about the role of race in science. Science, 351, 564–565. doi:10.1126/science.aac4951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamboni, B., & Crawford, I. (2007). Minority stress and sexual problems among African-American gay and bisexual men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36, 569–578. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9081-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar