41,658
Views
319
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Annual Review of Sex Research Special Issue

Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety Among Bisexual People Compared to Gay, Lesbian, and Heterosexual Individuals:A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

, , , , &

References

  • Alexander, J. (2007). Bisexuality in the media: A digital roundtable. Journal of Bisexuality, 7, 113–124. doi:10.1300/J159v07n01_07
  • Alexander, K. A., Volpe, E. M., Abboud, S., & Campbell, J. C. (2016). Reproductive coercion, sexual risk behaviours, and mental health symptoms among young low-income behaviourally bisexual women: Implications for nursing practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25, 3533–3544. doi: 10.1111/jocn.13238
  • Almeida, J., Johnson, R. M., Corliss, H. L., Molnar, B. E., & Azrael, D. (2009). Emotional distress among LGBT youth: The influence of perceived discrimination based on sexual orientation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 1001–1014. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9397-9
  • Azagba, S., Asbridge, M., Langille, D., & Baskerville, B. (2014). Disparities in tobacco use by sexual orientation among high school students. Preventive Medicine, 69, 307–311. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.07.042
  • Badgett, M. V. L., & Goldberg, N. (2009). Best practices for asking questions about sexual orientation on surveys. Los Angeles, CA: The Williams Institute. Retrieved from https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/SMART-FINAL-Nov-2009.pdf
  • Balsam, K. F., Molina, Y., Beadnell, B., Simoni, J., & Walters, K. (2011). Measuring multiple minority stress: The LGBT People of Color Microaggressions Scale. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17, 163–174. doi:10.1037/a0023244
  • Barker, M. (2004). Including the B-word: Reflections on the place of bisexuality within lesbian and gay activism and psychology. Lesbian and Gay Psychology Review, 5, 118–122.
  • Barker, M. (2007). Heteronormativity and the exclusion of bisexuality in psychology. In V. Clarke & E. Peele (Eds.), Out in psychology: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer perspectives (pp. 86–118). West Sussex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9780470713099.ch6
  • Barker, M. (2015). Depression and/or oppression? Bisexuality and mental health. Journal of Bisexuality, 15, 369–384. doi:10.1080/15299716.2014.995853
  • Barker, M., & Landridge, D. (2008). II. Bisexuality: Working with a silenced sexuality. Feminism and Psychology, 18(3), 389–394. doi:10.1177/0959353508092093
  • Barker, M., Yockney, J., Richards, C., Jones, R., Bowes-Catton, H., & Plowman, T. (2012). Guidelines for researching and writing about bisexuality. Journal of Bisexuality, 12, 376–392. doi:10.1080/15299716.2012.702618
  • Bauer, G. R., & Brennan, D. J. (2013). The problem with “behavioral bisexuality”: Assessing sexual orientation in survey research. Journal of Bisexuality, 13, 148–165. doi:10.1080/15299716.2013.782260
  • Bauer, G. R., Flanders, C., MacLeod, M. A., & Ross, L. E. (2016). Occurrence of multiple mental health or substance use outcomes among bisexuals: A respondent-driven sampling study. BMC Public Health, 16, 497. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3173-z
  • Bauer, G. R., & Jairam, J. A. (2008). Are lesbians really women who have sex with women (WSW)? Methodological concerns in measuring sexual orientation in health research. Women and Health, 48, 383–408. doi:10.1080/03630240802575120
  • Bolton, S. L., & Sareen, J. (2011). Sexual orientation and its relation to mental disorders and suicide attempts: Findings from a nationally representative sample. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56, 35–43. doi:10.1177/070674371105600107
  • Bonds-Raacke, J. M., Cady, E. T., Schlegel, R., Harris, R. J., & Firebaugh, L. (2008). Remembering gay/lesbian media characters: Can Ellen and Will improve attitudes towards homosexuals? Journal of Homosexuality, 53, 19–34. doi:10.1300/J082v53n03_03
  • Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., & Rothstein, H. (2007). Meta-analysis: Fixed effect vs. random effects. Retrieved from https://www.meta-analysis.com/downloads/M-a_f_e_v_r_e_sv.pdf
  • Bostwick, W. B., Boyd, C. J., Hughes, T. L., & McCabe, S. E. (2010). Dimensions of sexual orientation and the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 468–475. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.152942
  • Bostwick, W. B., Boyd, C. J., Hughes, T. L., West, B., & McCabe, S. E. (2014). Discrimination and mental health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84, 35–45. doi:10.1037/h0098851
  • Bostwick, W. B., Hughes, T. L., & Everett, B. (2015). Health behavior, status, and outcomes among a community-based sample of lesbian and bisexual women. LGBT Health, 2, 121–126. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2014.0074
  • Bowleg, L. (2008). When Black + lesbian + woman ≠ Black lesbian woman: The methodological challenges of qualitative and quantitative intersectionality research. Sex Roles, 59, 312–325. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9400-z
  • Brewster, M. E., & Moradi, B. (2010). Perceived experiences of anti-bisexual prejudice: Instrument development and evaluation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57, 451–468. doi:10.1037/a0021116
  • Brewster, M. E., Moradi, B., DeBlaere, C., & Velez, B. L. (2013). Navigating the borderlands: The roles of minority stressors, bicultural self-efficacy, and cognitive flexibility in the mental health of bisexual individuals. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60, 543–556. doi:10.1037/a0033224
  • Collins, J. F. (2004). The intersection of race and bisexuality: A citical overview of the literature and past, present, and future directions of the “borderlands.” Journal of Bisexuality, 4, 99–116. doi:10.1300/J159v04n01_08
  • Cook, D. A., & West, C. P. (2012). Conducting systematic reviews in medical education: A stepwise approach. Medical Education, 46, 943–952. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2012.04328.x
  • Davis, J., Mengersen, K., Bennett, S., & Mazerolle, L. (2014). Viewing systematic reviews and meta-analysis in social research through different lenses. SpringerPlus, 3, 511. doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-511
  • Díaz, R. M., Ayala, G., Bein, E., Henne, J., & Marin, B. V. (2001). The impact of homophobia, poverty, and racism on the mental health of gay and bisexual Latino men: Findings from 3 U.S. cities. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 927–932. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.91.6.927
  • Dodge, B., Herbenick, D., Friedman, M. R., Schick, V., Fu, T.-C., Bostwick, W., … Sandfort, T. G. M. (2016). Attitudes toward bisexual men and women among a nationally representative probability sample of adults in the united states. PLoS ONE, 11, 1–18. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164430
  • Dodge, B., Jeffries, W. L., & Sandfort, T. G. M. (2008). Beyond the down low: Sexual risk, protection, and disclosure among at-risk Black men who have sex with both men and women (MSMW). Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 683–696. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9356-7
  • Dodge, B., & Sandfort, T. G. M. (2007). A review of mental health research on bisexual individuals when compared to homosexual and heterosexual individuals. In B. A. Fierstein (Ed.), Becoming visible: Counseling bisexuals across the lifespan. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Dodge, B., Schnarrs, P. W., Reece, M., Martinez, O., Goncalves, G., Malebranche, D., … Fortenberry, J. D. (2012). Individual and social factors related to mental health concerns among bisexual men in the midwestern United States. Journal of Bisexuality, 12, 223–245. doi:10.1080/15299716.2012.674862
  • Doty, N. D., Willoughby, B. L. B., Lindahl, K. M., & Malik, N. M. (2010). Sexuality related social support among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 1134–1147. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9566-x
  • Drabble, L., Trocki, K. F., Hughes, T. L., Korcha, R. A., & Lown, A. E. (2013). Sexual orientation differences in the relationship between victimization and hazardous drinking among women in the National Alcohol Survey. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27, 639–648. doi:10.1037/a0031486
  • Dworkin, S. H. (2008). Biracial, bicultural, bisexual: Bisexuality and multiple identities. Journal of Bisexuality, 2, 93–107. doi:10.1300/J159v02n04_06
  • Dyar, C., Feinstein, B. A., & London, B. (2014). Dimensions of sexual identity and minority stress among bisexual women: The role of partner gender. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1, 441–451. doi:10.1037/sgd0000063
  • Dyar, C., Feinstein, B. A., Schick, V., & Davila, J. (2017). Minority stress, sexual identity uncertainty, and partner gender decision making among nonmonosexual individuals. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 4, 87–104. doi:10.1037/sgd0000213
  • Eady, A., Dobinson, C., & Ross, L. E. (2011). Bisexual people’s experiences with mental health services: A qualitative investigation. Community Mental Health Journal, 47, 378–389. doi:10.1007/s10597-010-9329-x
  • Eisner, S. (2013). Bi: Notes for a bisexual revolution. Berkeley, CA: Seal Press.
  • Eliason, M. (2001). Bi-negativity: The stigma facing bisexual men. Journal of Bisexuality, 1, 137–154. doi:10.1300/J159v01n02_05
  • Feinstein, B. A., & Dyar, C. (2017). Bisexuality, minority stress, and health. Current Sexual Health Reports, 9, 42–49. doi:10.1007/s11930-017-0096-3
  • Fingerhut, A. W., Peplau, L. A., & Gable, S. L. (2010). Identity, minority stress, and psychological well-being among gay men and lesbians. Psychology and Sexuality, 1, 101–114. doi:10.1080/19419899.2010.484592
  • Firestein, B. (1996). Bisexuality: The psychology and politics of an invisible minority. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Flanders, C. E., Dobinson, C., & Logie, C. (2015). “I’m never really my full self”: Young bisexual women’s perceptions of their mental health. Journal of Bisexuality, 15, 454–480. doi:10.1080/15299716.2015.1079288
  • Flanders, C. E., Robinson, M., Legge, M. M., & Tarasoff, L. A. (2016). Negative identity experiences of bisexual and other non-monosexual people: A qualitative report. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Mental Health, 20, 152–172. doi:10.1080/19359705.2015.1108257
  • Flanders, C. E., Ross, L. E., Dobinson, C., & Logie, C. H. (2017). Sexual health among young bisexual women: A qualitative, community-based study. Psychology and Sexuality, 8, 104–117. doi:10.1080/19419899.2017.1296486
  • Flanders, C. E., Tarasoff, L. A., Legge, M. M., Robinson, M., & Gos, G. (2017). Positive identity experiences of young bisexual and other nonmonosexual people: A qualitative inquiry. Journal of Homosexuality, 64, 1014–1032. doi:10.1080/00918369.2016.1236592
  • Fox, R. (2004). Current research on bisexuality. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Gallup. (2016). Gay and lesbian rights. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.gallup.com/poll/1651/gay-lesbian-rights.aspx
  • GLAAD. (2015). Where we are on TV: 2015–16. Retrieved from http://www.glaad.org/files/GLAAD-2015-WWAT.pdf
  • Gorman, B. K., Denney, J. T., Dowdy, H., & Medeiros, R. A. (2015). A new piece of the puzzle: Sexual orientation, gender, and physical health status. Demography, 52, 1357–1382. doi:10.1007/s13524-015-0406-1
  • Gross, L. (2012). Up from invisibility: Lesbians, gay men, and the media in America. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Hambiliki, M. (2016, December 2). Biracial erasure: The obvious racial counterpart to bisexual erasure that we never talk about. Huffpost United Kingdom [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/michelle-hambiliki/biracial-erasure-the-obvi_b_8704302.html
  • Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Erickson, S. J. (2008). Minority stress predictors of HIV risk behavior, substance use, and depressive symptoms: Results from a prospective study of bereaved gay men. Health Psychology, 27, 455–462. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.4.455
  • Hayfield, N., Clarke, V., & Halliwell, E. (2014). Bisexual women’s understandings of social marginalisation: “The heterosexuals don’t understand us but nor do the lesbians.” Feminism and Psychology, 24, 352–372. doi:10.1177/0959353514539651
  • Herek, G. M. (2002). Heterosexuals’ attitudes toward bisexual men and women in the United States. Journal of Sex Research, 39, 264–274. doi:10.1080/00224490209552150
  • Herek, G. M. (2009). Hate crimes and stigma-related experiences among sexual minority adults in the United States: Prevalence estimates from a national probability sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24, 54–74. doi:10.1177/0886260508316477
  • Herek, G. M., Cogan, J. C., Gillis, J. R., & Glunt, E. K. (1998). Correlates of internalized homophobia in a community sample of lesbians and gay men. Journal of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association, 2, 17–25.
  • Hertlein, K. M., Hartwell, E. E., & Munns, M. E. (2016). Attitudes toward bisexuality according to sexual orientation and gender. Journal of Bisexuality, 16, 339–360. doi:10.1080/15299716.2016.1200510
  • Higgins, J. P. T., Altman, D. G., Gøtzsche, P. C., Jüni, P., Moher, D., & Oxman, A. D. (2011). The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. British Medical Journal, 343, d5928. doi:10.1136/bmj.d5928
  • Higgins, J. P. T., & Green, S. (2011). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions (Version 5.1.0). London, United Kingdom: The Cochrane Collaboration. Retrieved from http://www.handbook.cochrane.org
  • Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002). Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine, Special Issue: 3rd Symposium on Systematic Review Methodology, 21, 1539–1558. doi:10.1002/sim.1186
  • Hughes, T., Szalacha, L. A., & McNair, R. (2010). Substance abuse and mental health disparities: Comparisons across sexual identity groups in a national sample of young Australian women. Social Science and Medicine, 71, 824–831. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.05.009
  • Hutchins, L. (2005). Sexual prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media. American Sexuality Magazine, 3(4), p. 3. Retrieved from http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Bailey/Bisexuality/American%20Sexuality/American%20Sexuality%20magazine%20-%20The%20erasure%20of%20bisexuals.htm
  • Hyde, J. S., Mezulis, A. H., & Abramson, L. Y. (2008). The ABCs of depression: Integrating affective, biological, and cognitive models to explain the emergence of the gender difference in depression. Psychological Review, 115, 291–313. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.115.2.291
  • Institute of Medicine. (2011). The health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people: Building a foundation for better understanding. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Retrieved from https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13128/the-health-of-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-people-building
  • Israel, T., & Mohr, J. J. (2004). Attitudes toward bisexual women and men: Current research, future directions. Journal of Bisexuality, 4, 117–134. doi:10.1300/J159v04n01_09
  • Jabson, J. M., Farmer, G. W., & Bowen, D. J. (2014). Stress mediates the relationship between sexual orientation and behavioral risk disparities. BMC Public Health, 14, 401. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-401
  • Jeong, Y. M., Veldhuis, C. B., Aranda, F., & Hughes, T. (2016). Racial/ethnic differences in unmet needs for mental health and substance use treatment in a community-based sample of sexual minority women. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25, 3557–3569. doi:10.1111/jocn.13477
  • Johnson, H. J. (2016). Bisexuality, mental health, and media representation. Journal of Bisexuality, 16, 378–396. doi:10.1080/15299716.2016.1168335
  • Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E., Rodgers, B., Jacomb, P. A., & Christensen, H. (2002). Sexual orientation and mental health: Results from a community survey of young and middle-aged adults. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 423–427. doi:10.1192/bjp.180.5.423
  • Kaestle, C. E., & Ivory, A. H. (2012). A forgotten sexuality: Content analysis of bisexuality in the medical literature over two decades. Journal of Bisexuality, 12, 35–48. doi:10.1080/15299716.2012.645701
  • Katz-Wise, S. L., Scherer, E. A., Calzo, J. P., Sarda, V., Jackson, B., Haines, J., & Austin, S. B. (2015). Sexual minority stressors, internalizing symptoms, and unhealthy eating behaviors in sexual minority youth. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 49, 839–852. doi:10.1007/s12160-015-9718-z
  • King, M., Semlyen, J., Tai, S. S., Killaspy, H., Osborn, D., Popelyuk, D., & Nazareth, I. (2008). A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry, 8, 70. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-8-70
  • Kuyper, L., & Fokkema, T. (2010). Loneliness among older lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults: The role of minority stress. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 1171–1180. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9513-7
  • Lefkowitz, E. S., Shearer, C. L., Gillen, M. M., & Espinosa-Hernandez, G. (2014). How gendered attitudes relate to women’s and men’s sexual behaviors and beliefs. Sexuality and Culture, 18, 833–846. doi:10.1007/s12119-014-9225-6
  • Lehavot, K., & Simoni, J. M. (2011). The impact of minority stress on mental health and substance use among sexual minority women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 159–170. doi:10.1037/a0022839
  • Lewis, N. (2009). Mental health in sexual minorities: Recent indicators, trends, and their relationships to place in North America and Europe. Health and Place, 15, 1029–1045. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.05.003
  • Lewis, R. J., Derlega, V. J., Griffin, J. L., & Krowinski, A. C. (2003). Stressors for gay men and lesbians: Life stress, gay-related stress, stigma consciousness, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22, 716–729. doi:10.1521/jscp.22.6.716.22932
  • Li, G., Pollitt, A. M., & Russell, S. T. (2016). Depression and sexual orientation during young adulthood: Diversity among sexual minority subgroups and the role of gender nonconformity. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45, 697–711. doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0515-3
  • MacKay, J., Robinson, M., Pinder, S., & Ross, L. E. (2017). A grounded theory of bisexual individuals’ experiences of help seeking. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87, 52–61. doi:10.1037/ort0000184
  • Marcus, N. C. (2015). Bridging bisexual erasure in LGBT-rights discourse and litigation. Michigan Journal of Gender and Law, 22, 291–334. Retrieved from http://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=mjgl
  • McLaren, S. (2016). The interrelations between internalized homophobia, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation among Australian gay men, lesbians, and bisexual women. Journal of Homosexuality, 63, 156–168. doi:10.1080/00918369.2015.1083779
  • McNair, R., Kavanagh, A., Agius, P., & Tong, B. (2005). The mental health status of young adult and mid-life non-heterosexual Australian women. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 29, 265–271. doi:10.1111/j.1467-842X.2005.tb00766.x
  • Mertens, D. (2003). Mixed methods and the politics of human research: The transformative-emancipatory perspective. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research (pp. 135–164). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Mertens, D. (2007). Transformative paradigm: Mixed methods and social justice. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1, 212–225. doi:10.1177/1558689807302811
  • Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674–697. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
  • Meyer, I. H., Rossano, L., Ellis, J. M., & Bradford, J. (2002). A brief telephone interview to identify lesbian and bisexual women in random digit dialing sampling. Journal of Sex Research, 39, 139–144. doi:10.1080/00224490209552133
  • Mitchell, R., Davis, K., & Galupo, M. P. (2015). Comparing perceived experiences of prejudice among self-identified plurisexual individuals. Psychology and Sexuality, 6, 245–257. doi:10.1080/19419899.2014.940372
  • Mohr, J. J., & Rochlen, A. B. (1999). Measuring attitudes regarding bisexuality in lesbian, gay male, and heterosexual populations. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 353–369. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.46.3.353
  • Mohr, J. J., & Sarno, E. L. (2016). The ups and downs of being lesbian, gay, and bisexual: A daily experience perspective on minority stress and support processes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63, 106–118. doi:10.1037/cou0000125
  • Monro, S., Hines, S., & Osborne, A. (2017). Is bisexuality invisible? A review of sexualities scholarship 1970–2015. Sociological Review, 65, 664–681. doi:10.1177/0038026117695488
  • Morris, J. F., & Balsam, K. F. (2003). Lesbian and bisexual women’s experiences of victimization: Mental health, revictimization, and sexual identity development. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 7, 67–85. doi:10.1300/J155v07n04_05
  • Munoz-Laboy, M., Ripkin, A., Garcia, J., & Severson, N. (2015). Family and work influences on stress, anxiety, and depression among bisexual Latino men in the New York City metropolitan area. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 17, 1615–1626. doi:10.1007/s10903-015-0220-2
  • Nutter-Pridgen, K. (2015). The old, the new, and the redefined: Identifying the discourses in contemporary bisexual activism. Journal of Bisexuality, 15, 385–413. doi:10.1080/15299716.2015.1033044
  • Ochs, R., & Rowley, S. (2009). Getting bi: Voices of bisexuals around the world (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Bisexual Resource Center.
  • Pakula, B., Shoveller, J., Ratner, P. A., & Carpiano, R. (2016). Prevalence and co-occurrence of heavy drinking and anxiety and mood disorders among gay, lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual Canadians. American Journal of Public Health, 106, 1042–1048. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303083
  • Paul, R., Smith, N. G., Mohr, J. J., & Ross, L. E. (2014). Measuring dimensions of bisexual identity: Initial development of the Bisexual Identity Inventory. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1, 452–460. doi:10.1037/sgd0000069
  • Pew Research Center. (2013). The global divide on homosexuality: Greater acceptance in more secular and affluent countries. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/
  • Plöderl, M., & Tremblay, P. (2015). Mental health of sexual minorities. A systematic review. International Review of Psychiatry, 27, 367–385. doi:10.3109/09540261.2015.1083949
  • Pollitt, A. M., Muraco, J. A., Grossman, A. H., & Russell, S. T. (2017). Disclosure stress, social support, and depressive symptoms among cisgender bisexual youth. Journal of Marriage and Family, 79, 1278–1294. doi:10.1111/jomf.12418
  • Pompili, M., Lester, D., Forte, A., Seretti, M. E., Erbuto, D., Lamis, D. A., … Girardi, P. (2014). Bisexuality and suicide: A systematic reiew of the current literature. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 11, 1903–1913. doi:10.1111/jsm.12581
  • Raymond, V. (2015). Another divide: Bisexuality in U.S. politics. In W. Swan (Ed.), Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender civil rights: A public policy agenda (pp. 139–159). New York, NY: CRC Press.
  • Rehaag, S. (2009). Patrolling the borders of sexual orientation: Bisexual refugee claims in Canada. McGill Law Journal, 53, 59–102.
  • Robbins, L. N., Helzer, J. E., Croughan, J., & Ratcliff, K. S. (1981). National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: Its history, characteristics, and validity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 381–389. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780290015001
  • Roberts, T. S., Horne, S. G., & Hoyt, W. T. (2015). Between a gay and a straight place: Bisexual individuals’ experiences with monosexism. Journal of Bisexuality, 15, 554–569. doi:10.1080/15299716.2015.1111183
  • Robinson, M. (2017). Two-spirit and bisexual people: Different umbrella, same rain. Journal of Bisexuality, 17, 7–29. doi:10.1080/15299716.2016.1261266
  • Robinson, M., & Ross, L. E. (2013). Gender and sexual minorities: Intersecting inequalities and health. Ethnicity and Inequalities in Health and Social Care, 6, 91–96. doi:10.1108/EIHSC-01-2014-0003
  • Romans, S., & Ross, L. E. (2010). Gender and depression. In J. Streiner & D. L. Cairney (Eds.), Mental disorder in Canada: An epidemiological perspective (pp. 259–285). Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
  • Ross, L. E., Bauer, G. R., MacLeod, M. A., Robinson, M., MacKay, J., & Dobinson, C. (2014). Mental health and substance use among bisexual youth and non-youth in Ontario, Canada. PloS One, 9, e101604. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101604
  • Ross, L. E., Bauer, G. R., Persad, I., Giblon, R., Braimoh, J., MacKay, J., & Robinson, M. (2017, August). Complexity of “bisexual” identities: A mixed methods exploration. Paper presented at the 125th Annual American Psychological Association Convention, Washington, DC.
  • Ross, L. E., Dobinson, C., & Eady, A. (2010). Perceived determinants of mental health for bisexual people: A qualitative examination. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 496–502. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.156307
  • Ross, L. E., O’Gorman, L., MacLeod, M. A., Bauer, G. R., MacKay, J., & Robinson, M. (2016). Bisexuality, poverty, and mental health: A mixed methods analysis. Social Science and Medicine, 156, 64–72. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.03.009
  • Rostosky, S. S., Riggle, E. D. B., Pascale-Hague, D., & McCants, L. E. (2010). The positive aspects of a bisexual self-identification. Psychology and Sexuality, 1, 131–144. doi:10.1080/19419899.2010.484595
  • Rotondi, N. K., Bauer, G. R., Scanlon, K., Kaay, M., Travers, R., & Travers, A. (2011a). Prevalence of and risk and protective factors for depression in female-to-male transgender Ontarians: Trans PULSE Project. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 30, 135–155. doi:10.7870/cjcmh-2011-0021
  • Rotondi, N. K., Bauer, G. R., Travers, R., Travers, A., Scanlon, K., & Kaay, M. (2011b). Depression in male-to-female transgender Ontarians: Results from the Trans PULSE Project. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 30, 113–133. doi:10.7870/cjcmh-2011-0020
  • Rust, P. C. (1993). Neutralizing the political threat of the marginal woman: Lesbians’ beliefs about bisexual women. Journal of Sex Research, 30, 214–228. doi:10.1080/00224499309551705
  • Rust, P. C. (2000a). Bisexuality: A contemporary paradox for women. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 205–221. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00161
  • Rust, P. C. (2000b). Bisexuality in the United States: A social sciences reader. New York, NY: Collumbia University Press.
  • Rust, P. C. (2000c). Criticisms of the scholarly literature on sexuality for its neglect of bisexuality. In P. Rust (Ed.), Bisexuality in the United States (pp. 5–10). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Rust, P. C. (2009). No more lip service: How to really include bisexuals in research on sexuality. In W. Meezan & J. Martin (Eds.), Handbook of research with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations (pp. 100–130). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
  • Saewyc, E. M. (2011). Research on adolescent sexual orientation: Development, health disparities, stigma, and resilience. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 256–272. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00727.x
  • Schwarzer, G. (2007). Meta: An R package for meta-analysis. R News, 7, 40–45. Retrieved from http://bioconductor.statistik.tu-dortmund.de/cran/doc/Rnews/Rnews_2007-3.pdf#page=40
  • Semlyen, J., King, M., Varney, J., & Hagger-Johnson, G. (2016). Sexual orientation and symptoms of common mental disorder or low well-being: Combined meta-analysis of 12 UK population health surveys. BMC Psychiatry, 16, 67. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0767-z
  • Serano, J. (2010, October 9). Bisexuality does not reinforce the gender binary. The Scavenger. Retrieved from http://www.thescavenger.net/sex-gender-sexual-diversity/glb-diversity/467-bisexuality-does-not-reinforce-the-gender-binary-39675.html
  • Smalley, K. B., Warren, J. C., & Barefoot, K. N. (2015). Barriers to care and psychological distress differences between bisexual and gay men and women. Journal of Bisexuality, 15, 230–247. doi:10.1080/15299716.2015.1025176
  • Spandler, H., & Barker, M. J. (2016, July 1). Mad and queer studies: Interconnections and tensions. Mad studies network [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://madstudies2014.wordpress.com/2016/07/01/mad-and-queer-studies-interconnections-and-tensions/
  • Steele, L. S., Daley, A., Curling, D., Gibson, M. F., Green, D. C., Williams, C. C., & Ross, L. E. (2017). LGBT identity, untreated depression, and unmet need for mental health services by sexual minority women and trans-identified people. Journal of Women’s Health, 26, 116–127. doi:10.1089/jwh.2015.5677
  • Steele, L. S., Ross, L. E., Dobinson, C., Veldhuizen, S., & Tinmouth, J. M. (2009). Women’s sexual orientation and health: Results from a Canadian population-based survey. Women’s Health, 49, 353–367. doi:10.1080/03630240903238685
  • Szymanski, D. M., & Chung, B. (2001). The Lesbian Internalized Homophobia Scale: A rational/theoretical approach. Journal of Homosexuality, 41, 37–52. doi:10.1300/J082v41n02_03
  • Tjepkema, M. (2008). Health care use among gay, lesbian, and bisexual Canadians. Health Reports, 19, 53–64.
  • Ulrich, L. (2011). Bisexual invisibility: Impacts and recommendations. San Francisco, CA: San Francisco Human Rights Commission: LGBT Advisory Committee. Retrieved from http://sf-hrc.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRC_Publications/Articles/Bisexual_Invisiblity_Impacts_and_Recommendations_March_2011.pdf
  • van Anders, S. M. (2015). Beyond sexual orientation: Integrating gender/sex and diverse sexualities via sexual configurations theory. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44, 1177–1213. doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0490-8
  • Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software, 36, 1–48. doi:10.18637/jss.v036.i03
  • Walters, M. L., Chen, J., & Breiding, M. J. (2013). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2010 findings on victimization by sexual orientation. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_sofindings.pdf
  • Wong, C. F., Schrager, S. M., Holloway, I. W., Meyer, I. H., & Kipke, M. D. (2014). Minority stress experiences and psychological well-being: The impact of support from and connection to social networks within the Los Angeles house and ball communities. Prevention Science, 15, 44–55. doi:10.1007/s11121-012-0348-4
  • Yoshino, K. (2000). The epistemic contract of bisexual erasure. Stanford Law Review, 52, 353.