23,363
Views
153
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Annual Review of Sex Research Special Issue

Prostitution Stigma and Its Effect on the Working Conditions, Personal Lives, and Health of Sex Workers

, , &

References

  • Abel, G. (2011). Different stage, different performance: The protective strategy of role play on emotional health in sex work. Social Science and Medicine, 72, 1177–1184. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.01.021
  • Abel, G. (2014). A decade of decriminalization: Sex work “down under” but not underground. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 14, 580–592. doi:10.1177/1748895814523024
  • Abel, G., & Fitzgerald, L. (2010). Decriminalisation and stigma. In G. Abel, L. Fitzgerald, C. Healy, & A. Taylor (Eds.), Taking the crime out of sex work: New Zealand sex workers’ fight for decriminalization (pp. 239–258). Bristol, United Kingdom: Policy Press.
  • Ali, S., Ghose, T., Jana, S., & Chaudhuri, S. (2014). Exceeding the individual: A qualitative examination of a community-led structural intervention and its implications for sex workers and their families. Global Social Welfare, 1, 53–63. doi:10.1007/s40609-014-0015-8
  • Aral, S., St. Lawrence, J., Tikhonova, L., Safarova, E., Parker, K., Shakarishvili, A., & Ryan, C. (2003). The social organization of commercial sex work in Moscow, Russia. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 30, 39–45. doi:10.1097/00007435-200301000-00009
  • Barton, B. (2006). Stripped. New York: New York University Press.
  • Basnyat, I. (2015). Structural violence in health care: Lived experiences of street-based female commercial sex workers in Kathmandu. Qualitative Health Research, 27, 1–13. doi:10.1177/1049732315601665
  • Basu, A., & Dutta, M. (2008). Participatory change in a campaign led by sex workers: Connecting resistance to action-oriented agency. Qualitative Health Research, 18, 106–119. doi:10.1177/1049732307309373
  • Beckham, S., Shembilu, C., Winch, P., Beyrer, C., & Kerrigan, D. (2015). “If you have children, you have responsibilities”: Motherhood, sex work, and HIV in southern Tanzania. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 17, 165–179. doi:10.1080/13691058.2014.961034
  • Begum, S., Hocking, J., Groves, J., Fairley, C., & Keogh, L. (2013). Sex workers talk about sex work: Six contradictory characteristics of legalised sex work in Melbourne, Australia. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 15, 85–100. doi:10.1080/13691058.2012.743187
  • Bellhouse, C., Crebbin, S., Fairley, C., & Bilardi, J. (2015). The impact of sex work on women’s personal romantic relationships and the mental separation of their work and personal lives: A mixed-methods study. PLoS One, 10, e0141575. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141575
  • Benoit, C., Belle-Isle, L., Smith, M., Phillips, R., Shumka, S., Atchison, C., … Flagg, J. (2017). Community empowerment and transformative learning among sex workers: From health educators to health advocates. International Journal for Equity in Health, 16, 160. doi:10.1186/s12939-017-0655-2
  • Benoit, C., Jansson, M., Jansenberger, M., & Phillips, R. (2013). Disability stigmatization as a barrier to employment equity for legally blind Canadians. Disability and Society, 28, 970–983. doi:10.1080/09687599.2012.741518
  • Benoit, C., Jansson, M., Smith, M., & Flagg, J. (2017). “Well, it should be changed for one, because it’s our bodies”: Sex workers’ views on Canada’s punitive approach towards sex work. Social Sciences, 6, 1–17. doi:10.3390/socsci6020052
  • Benoit, C., McCarthy, B., & Jansson, M. (2015a). Occupational stigma and mental health: Discrimination and depression among front-line service workers. Canadian Public Policy, 41, s61–s69. doi:10.3138/cpp.2014-077
  • Benoit, C., McCarthy, B., & Jansson, M. (2015b). Stigma, sex work, and substance use: A comparative analysis. Sociology of Health and Illness, 37, 437–451. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.12201
  • Benoit, C., & Millar, A. (2001). Dispelling myths and understanding realities: Working conditions, health status, and exiting experiences of sex workers. Vancouver, Canada: BC Health Research Foundation.
  • Benoit, C., Ouellet, N., & Jansson, M. (2016). Unmet health care needs among sex workers in five census metropolitan areas of Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 107, e266–e271. doi:10.17269/cjph.107.5178
  • Benoit, C., Ouellet, N., Jansson, M., Magnus, S., & Smith, M. (2017). Would you think about doing sex for money? Structure and agency in deciding to sell sex in Canada. Work, Employment, and Society, 31, 731–747. doi:10.1177/0950017016679331
  • Benoit, C., Smith, M., Jansson, M., Magnus, S., Flagg, J., & Maurice, R. (2017, May 26). Sex work and three dimensions of self-esteem: Self-worth, authenticity, and self-efficacy. Culture, Health, and Sexuality. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/13691058.2017.1328075
  • Benoit, C., Smith, M., Jansson, M., Magnus, S., Ouellet, N., Atchison, C., … Shaver, F. (2016). Lack of confidence in police creates a “blue” ceiling for sex workers’ safety. Canadian Public Policy, 42, 456–468. doi:10.3138/cpp.2016-006
  • Bernstein, E. (1999). What’s wrong with prostitution? What’s right with sex work? Comparing markets in female sexual labour. Hastings Women’s Law Journal, 10, 91–117. Retrieved from http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/haswo10&g_sent=1&casa_token=&collection=journals&id=97
  • Bernstein, E. (2007). Temporarily yours: Intimacy, authenticity, and the commerce of sex. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Biradavolu, M., Blankenship, K., Jena, A., & Dhungana, N. (2012). Structural stigma, sex work, and HIV: Contradictions and lessons learnt from a community-led structural intervention in southern India. Journal of Epidemiol Community Health, 66, 95–99. doi:10.1136/jech-2011-200508
  • Biradavolu, M., Burris, S., George, A., Jena, A., & Blankenship, K. (2009). Can sex workers regulate police? Learning from an HIV prevention project for sex workers in southern India. Social Science and Medicine, 68, 1541–1547. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.01.040
  • Blankenship, K., & Koester, S. (2002). Criminal law, policing policy, and HIV risk in female street sex workers and injection drug users. Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics, 30, 548–559. doi:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2002.tb00425.x
  • Boittin, M. (2013). New perspectives from the oldest profession: Abuse and the legal consciousness of sex workers in China. Law and Society Review, 47, 245–278. doi:10.1111/lasr.12016
  • Bruckert, C. (2002). Taking it off, putting it on: Women in the strip trade. Toronto, Canada: Women’s Press.
  • Bruckert, C., & Hannem, S. (2013). Rethinking the prostitution debates: Transcending structural stigma in systemic responses to sex work. Canadian Journal of Law and Society, 28, 43–63. doi:10.1017/cls.2012.2
  • Bungay, V. (2013). Health care among street-involved women: The perpetuation of health inequity. Qualitative Health Research, 23, 1016–1026. doi:10.1177/1049732313493352
  • Bungay, V., Halpin, M., Atchison, C., & Johnston, C. (2011). Structure and agency: Reflections from an exploratory study of Vancouver indoor sex workers. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 13, 15–29. doi:10.1080/13691058.2010.517324
  • Bungay, V., Kolar, K., Thindal, S., Remple, V., Johnston, C., & Ogilvie, G. (2013). Community-based HIV and STI prevention in women working in indoor sex markets. Health Promotion Practice, 14, 247–255. doi:10.1177/1524839912447189
  • Bungay, V., Oliffe, J., & Atchison, C. (2016). Addressing underrepresentation in sex work research. Qualitative Health Research, 26, 966–978. doi:10.1177/1049732315613042
  • Carrasco, M., Barrington, C., Kennedy, C., Perez, M., Donastorg, Y., & Kerrigan, D. (2017). “We talk, we do not have shame”: Addressing stigma by reconstructing identity through enhancing social cohesion among female sex workers living with HIV in the Dominican Republic. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 19, 543–556. doi:10.1080/13691058.2016.1242779
  • Chakrapani, V., Newman, P., Shunmugam, M., Kurian, A., & Dubrow, R. (2009). Barriers to free antiretroviral treatment access for female sex workers in Chennai, India. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 23, 973–980. doi:10.1089/apc.2009.0035
  • Chipamaunga, S., Muula, A., & Mataya, R. (2010). An assessment of sex work in Swaziland: Barriers to and opportunities for HIV prevention among sex workers. SAHARA-J: Journal of Aspects of HIV/AIDS, 7, 44–50. doi:10.1080/17290376.2010.9724968
  • Closson, E., Colby, D., Nguyen, T., Cohen, S., Biello, K., & Mimiaga, M. (2015). The balancing act: Exploring stigma, economic need, and disclosure among male sex workers in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Global Public Health, 10, 520–531. doi:10.1080/17441692.2014.992452
  • Colosi, R. (2010). Dirty dancing? An ethnography of lap-dancing. New York, NY: Willan.
  • Cornish, F. (2006). Challenging the stigma of sex work in India: Material context and symbolic change. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 16, 462–471. doi:10.1002/casp.894
  • Corrigan, P., & Fong, C. (2014). Competing perspectives on erasing the stigma of mental illness: What says the dodo bird? Social Science and Medicine, 103, 110–117. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.05.027
  • Corrigan, P., Kuwabara, S., & O’Shaughnessy, J. (2009). The public stigma of mental illness and drug addiction: findings from a stratified random sample. Journal of Social Work, 9, 139–147. doi:10.1177/1468017308101818
  • Corrigan, P., Markowitz, F., & Watson, A. (2004). Structural levels of mental illness stigma and discrimination. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30, 481–491. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007096
  • Corrigan, P., & Matthews, A. (2003). Stigma and disclosure: Implications for coming out of the closet. Journal of Mental Health, 12, 235–248. doi:10.1080/0963823031000118221
  • Corrigan, P., & Miller, F. E. (2004). Shame, blame, and contamination: A review of the impact of mental illness stigma on family members. Journal of Mental Health, 13, 537–548. doi:10.1080/09638230400017004
  • Desyllas, M. (2013). Representations of sex workers’ needs and aspirations: A case for arts-based research. Sexualities, 16, 772–787. doi:10.1177/1363460713497214
  • Desyllas, M. (2014). Using photovoice with sex workers: The power of art, agency and resistance. Qualitative Social Work, 13, 477–501. doi:10.1177/1473325013496596
  • Dewey, S., & St. Germain, T. (2014). “It depends on the cop:” Street-based sex workers’ perspectives on police patrol officers. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 11, 256–270. doi:10.1007/s13178-014-0163-8
  • Dodsworth, J. (2014). Sex worker and mother: Managing dual and threatened identities. Child and Family Social Work, 19, 99–108. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2012.00889.x
  • Dunn, J., Van Der Meulen, E., O’Campo, P., & Muntaner, C. (2013). Improving health equity through theory-informed evaluations: A look at housing first strategies, cross-sectoral health programs, and prostitution policy. Evaluation and Program Planning, 36, 184–190. doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2012.03.006
  • Evans, C., Jana, S., & Lambert, H. (2010). What makes a structural intervention? Reducing vulnerability to HIV in community settings, with particular reference to sex work. Global Public Health: A Journal for Research, Policy and Practice, 5, 449–461. doi:10.1080/17441690902942472
  • Farley, M. (2004). “Bad for the body, bad for the heart”: Prostitution harms women even if legalized or decriminalized. Violence Against Women, 10, 1087–1125. doi:10.1177/1077801204268607
  • Foley, E. (2017). Regulating sex work: Subjectivity and stigma in Senegal. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 19, 50–63. doi:10.1080/13691058.2016.1190463
  • Forsyth, C., & Deshotels, T. (1998). A deviant process: The sojourn of the stripper. Sociological Spectrum, 18, 77–92. doi:10.1080/02732173.1998.9982185
  • Ganju, D., & Saggurti, N. (2017). Stigma, violence, and HIV vulnerability among transgender persons in sex work in Maharashtra, India. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 19, 903–917. doi:10.1080/13691058.2016.1271141
  • George, A. (2010). Negotiating contradictory expectations: Stories from “secret” sex workers in Andhra Pradesh, India. Wagadu: A Journal of Transnational Women’s and Gender Studies, 8, 258–272.
  • Ghimire, L., Smith, W., & Van Teijlingen, E. (2011). Utilisation of sexual health services by female sex workers in Nepal. BMC Health Services, 11, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-11-79
  • Ghimire, L., & Van Teijlingen, E. (2009). Barriers to utilization of sexual health services by female sex workers in Nepal. Global Journal of Health Science, 1, 12–22. doi:10.5539/gjhs.v1n1p12
  • Gibbs Van Brunschot, E., Sydie, R., & Krull, C. (1999). Images of prostitution: The prostitute and print media. Women and Criminal Justice, 10, 47–72. doi:10.1300/J012v10n04_03
  • Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York, NY: Prentice- Hall.
  • Gorry, J., Roen, K., & Reilly, J. (2010). Selling your self? The psychological impact of street sex work and factors affecting support seeking. Health and Social Care in the Community, 18, 492–499. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2010.00925.x
  • Gray, D. E. (2002). “Everybody just freezes. Everybody is just embarrassed”: Felt and enacted stigma among parents of children with high functioning autism. Sociology of Health and Illness, 24, 734–739. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.00316
  • Green, S. (2003). “What do you mean ‘what’s wrong with her’?”: Stigma and the lives of families of children with disabilities. Social Science and Medicine, 57, 1361–1374. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00511-7
  • Green, S., Davis, C., Karshmer, E., Marsh, P., & Straight, B. (2005). Living stigma: The impact of labeling, stereo-typing, separation, status loss, and discrimination in the lives of individuals with disabilities and their families. Sociological Inquiry, 75, 197–215. doi:10.1111/soin.2005.75.issue-2
  • Hallgrimsdottir, H., Phillips, R., & Benoit, C. (2006). Fallen women and rescued girls: Social stigma and media narratives of the sex industry in Victoria, B.C., from 1980 to 2005. Canadian Review of Sociology, 43, 265–280. doi:10.1111/j.1755-618X.2006.tb02224.x
  • Hallgrimsdottir, H., Phillips, R., Benoit, C., & Walby, K. (2008). Sporting girls, streetwalkers, and inmates of houses of ill repute: Media narratives and the historical mutability of prostitution stigmas. Sociological Perspectives, 51, 119–138. doi:10.1525/sop.2008.51.1.119
  • Hardy, K., & Sanders, T. (2015). The political economy of “lap dancing”: Contested careers and women’s work in the stripping industry. Work, Employment, and Society, 29, 119–136. doi:10.1177/0950017014554969
  • Hatzenbuehler, M., Bellatorre, A., Lee, Y., Finch, B., Muennig, P., & Fiscella, K. (2014). Structural stigma and all-cause mortality in sexual minority populations. Social Science and Medicine, 103, 33–41. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.005
  • Hatzenbuehler, M., & Link, B. (2014). Introduction to the special issue on structural stigma and health. Social Science and Medicine, 103, 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.12.017
  • Hatzenbuehler, M., Phelan, J., & Link, B. (2013). Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities. American Journal of Public Health, 103, 813–821. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301069
  • Hayes-Smith, R., & Shekarkhar, Z. (2010). Why is prostitution criminalized? An alternative viewpoint on the construction of sex work. Contemporary Justice Review, 13, 43–55. doi:10.1080/10282580903549201
  • Healy, C., Bennachie, C., & Reed, A. (2010). History of the New Zealand Prostitutes’ Collective. In G. Abel, L. Fitzgerald, C. Healy, & A. Taylor (Eds.), Taking the crime out of sex work: New Zealand sex workers’ fight for decriminalization (pp. 239–258). Bristol, United Kingdom: Policy Press.
  • Jackson, C. (2016). Framing sex worker rights: How U.S. sex worker rights activists perceive and respond to mainstream anti-sex trafficking advocacy. Sociological Perspectives, 59, 27–45. doi:10.1177/0731121416628553
  • Jeffrey, L., & MacDonald, G. (2006). Sex workers in the Maritimes talk back. Vancouver, Canada: UBC Press.
  • Jeffreys, S. (2009). The industrial vagina: The political economy of the global sex trade. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Jiminez, J., Puig, M., Sala, A., Ramos, J., Castro, E., Morales, M., … Zorrilla, C. (2011). Felt stigma in injection drug users and sex workers: Focus group research with HIV-risk populations in Puerto Rico. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 8, 26–39. doi:10.1080/14780880903061812
  • Katsulis, Y. (2008). Sex work and the city: The social geography of health and safety in Tijuana, Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • King, E., Maman, S., Bowling, J., Moracco, K., & Dudina, V. (2013). The influence of stigma and discrimination on female sex workers’ access to HIV services in St. Petersburg, Russia. AIDS and Behavior, 17, 2597–2603. doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0447-7
  • Koken, J. (2012). Independent female escort’s strategies for coping with sex work related stigma. Sexuality and Culture, 16, 209–229. doi:10.1007/s12119-011-9120-3
  • Koken, J., Bimbi, D., Parsons, J., & Halkitis, P. (2004). The experience of stigma in the lives of male Internet escorts. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 16, 13–32. doi:10.1300/J056v16n01_02
  • Kong, T. (2006). What it feels like for a whore: The body politics of women performing erotic labour in Hong Kong. Gender, Work, and Organization, 13, 409–434. doi:10.1111/gwao.2006.13.issue-5
  • Kotiswaran, P. (2001). Preparing for civil disobedience: Indian sex workers and the law. Boston College Third World Law Journal, 21, 161–242. Retrieved from http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/bctw21&g_sent=1&casa_token=&collection=journals&id=167m
  • Krüsi, A., Kerr, T., Taylor, C., Rhodes, T., & Shannon, K. (2016). “They won’t change it back in their heads that we’re trash”: The intersection of sex work–related stigma and evolving policing strategies. Sociology of Health and Illness, 38, 1137–1150. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.12436
  • Lazarus, L., Deering, K., Nabess, R., Gibson, K., Tyndall, M., & Shannon, K. (2012). Occupational stigma as a primary barrier to health care for street-based sex workers in Canada. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 14, 139–150. doi:10.1080/13691058.2011.628411
  • Levy, J., & Jakobsson, P. (2014). Sweden’s abolitionist discourse and law: Effects on the dynamics of Swedish sex work and on the lives of Sweden’s sex workers. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 14, 593–607. doi:10.1177/1748895814528926
  • Lewis, J., & Maticka-Tyndale, E. (2000). Licensing sex work: Public policy and women’s lives. Canadian Public Policy, 26, 437–449. doi:10.2307/3552610
  • Lewis, J., Maticka-Tyndale, E., Shaver, F., & Schramm, H. (2005). Managing risk and safety on the job. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 17, 147–167. doi:10.1300/J056v17n01_09
  • Link, B., & Hatzenbuehler, M. (2016). Stigma as an unrecognized determinant of population health: Research and policy implications. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 41, 653–673. doi:10.1215/03616878-3620869
  • Link, B., & Phelan, J. (1995). Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35, 80–94. doi:10.2307/2626958
  • Link, B., & Phelan, J. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363
  • Link, B., & Phelan, J. (2006). Stigma and its public health implications. Lancet, 367, 528–529. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68184-1
  • Link, B., & Phelan, J. (2014). Stigma power. Social Science and Medicine, 103, 24–32. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.07.035
  • Livingston, J., & Boyd, J. (2010). Correlates and consequences of internalized stigma for people living with mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science and Medicine, 71, 2150–2161. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.030
  • Logie, C., James, L., Tharao, W., & Loutfy, M. (2011). HIV, gender, race, sexual orientation, and sex work: A qualitative study of intersectional stigma experienced by HIV-positive women in Ontario, Canada. PLoS Medicine, 8, e1001124. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001124
  • Lyons, T., Krusi, A., Pierre, L., Kerr, T., Small, W., & Shannon, K. (2017). Negotiating violence in the context of transphobia and criminalization. Qualitative Health Research, 27, 182–190. doi:10.1177/1049732315613311
  • McCarthy, B., Benoit, C., & Jansson, M. (2014). Sex work: A comparative study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43, 1379–1390. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0281-7
  • McCarthy, B., Benoit, C., Jansson, M., & Kolar, K. (2012). Regulating sex work: Heterogeneity in legal strategies. Annual Review of Law and Social Science 8, 255–271. doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102811-173915
  • McCarthy, L. (2014). Human trafficking and the new slavery. Annual Review of Law and Social Sciences, 10, 221–242. doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110413-030952
  • Miller, J. (2002). Violence and coercion in Sri Lanka’s commercial sex industry. Violence Against Women, 8, 1044–1073. doi:10.1177/107780102401101737
  • Morrison, T., & Whitehead, B. (2005). Strategies of stigma resistance among Canadian gay-identified sex workers. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 17, 169–179. doi:10.1300/J056v17n01_10
  • Mtetwa, S., Busza, J., Chidiya, S., Mungofa, S., & Cowan, F. (2013). “You are wasting our drugs”: Health service barriers to HIV treatment for sex workers in Zimbabwe. BMC Public Health, 13, 1–7. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-698
  • Murphy, H., Dunk-West, P., & Chonody, J. (2015). Emotion work and the management of stigma in female sex workers’ long-term intimate relationships. Journal of Sociology, 51, 1103–1116. doi:10.1177/1440783315614085
  • Murray, L., Lippman, S., Donini, A., & Kerrigan, D. (2010). “She’s a professional like anyone else”: Social identity among Brazilian sex workers. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 12, 293–306. doi:10.1080/13691050903450122
  • Ngo, A., McCurdy, S., Ross, M., Markham, C., Ratliff, E., & Pham, H. (2007). The lives of female sex workers in Vietnam: Findings from a qualitative study. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 9, 555–570. doi:10.1080/13691050701380018
  • Nichols, A. (2010). Dance ponnaya, dance! Police abuses against transgender sex workers in Sri Lanka. Feminist Criminology, 5, 195–222. doi:10.1177/1557085110366226
  • Nussbaum, M. (1999). Sex and social justice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • O’Connell Davidson, J. (2015). Modern slavery: The margins of freedom. London, United Kingdom: Palgrave.
  • Odinokova, V., Rusakova, M., Urada, L., Silverman, J., & Raj, A. (2014). Police sexual coercion and its association with risky sex work and substance use behaviors among female sex workers in St. Petersburg and Orenburg, Russia. International Journal of Drug Policy, 25, 96–104. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.06.008
  • Okal, J., Luchters, S., Geibel, S., Chersich, M., Lango, D., & Temmerman, M. (2009). Social context, sexual risk perceptions, and stigma: HIV vulnerability among male sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 11, 811–826. doi:10.1080/13691050902906488
  • Outshoorn, J. (2012). Policy change in prostitution in the Netherlands: From legalization to strict control. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 9, 233–243. doi:10.1007/s13178-012-0088-z
  • Overall, C. (1992). What’s wrong with prostitution? Evaluating sex work. Signs, 17, 705–724. doi:10.1086/494761
  • Padilla, M., Castellanos, D., Guilamo-Ramos, V., Reyes, A., Sánchez Marte, L., & Soriano, M. (2008). Stigma, social inequality, and HIV risk disclosure among Dominican male sex workers. Social Science and Medicine, 67, 380–388. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.014
  • Parent, C., Bruckert, C., Corriveau, P., Nengeh Mensah, M., & Toupin, L. (2013). Sex work: Rethinking the job, respecting the workers ( K. Roth, Trans.). Vancouver, Canada: UBC Press. (Original work published 2010)
  • Pescosolido, B. A. (1992). Beyond rational choice: The social dynamics of how people seek help. American Journal of Sociology, 97, 1096–1138. doi:10.1086/229863
  • Pescosolido, B. A., Martin, J. K., Lang, A., & Olafsdottir, S. (2008). Rethinking theoretical approaches to stigma: A framework integrating normative influences on stigma (FINIS). Social Science and Medicine, 67, 431–440. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.018
  • Pettifor, A., Beksinska, M., & Rees, H. (2000). High knowledge and high risk behavior: A profile of hotel-based sex workers in inner-city Johannesburg. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 4, 35–43. doi:10.2307/3583446
  • Phelan, J. C., Link, B. G., & Dovidio, J. F. (2008). Stigma and discrimination: One animal or two? Social Science and Medicine, 67, 358–367. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.022
  • Pheterson, G. (1989). The prostitution prism. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Amsterdam University.
  • Phillips, R., Benoit, C., Vallance, K., & Hallgrimsdottir, H. (2012). Courtesy stigma: A hidden health concern among frontline service providers to sex workers. Sociology of Health and Illness, 34, 681–696. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2011.01410.x
  • Phrasisombath, K., Thomsen, S., Sychareun, V., & Faxelid, E. (2012). Care seeking behavior and barriers to accessing services for sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Laos: A cross-sectional study. BMC Health Services Research, 12, 1–9. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-12-37
  • Porras, C., Sabido, M., Fernandez-Davila, P., Fernandez, V., Batres, A., & Casabona, J. (2008). Reproductive health and healthcare among sex workers in Escuintla, Guatemala. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 10, 529–538. doi:10.1080/13691050701861421
  • Provost, C. (2012, July 23). Fight against HIV empowering sex workers in India, says UN Aids envoy. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2012/jul/23/hiv-sex-workers-india-aids
  • Rael, C. T. (2015). Perceptions of sex work–related stigma in female sex workers from the Dominican Republic: Implications for HIV interventions. Sexuality and Culture, 19, 674–684. doi:10.1007/s12119-015-9284-3
  • Rhodes, T., Simic, M., Baros, S., Platt, L., & Zikic, B. (2008). Police Violence and sexual risk among female and transvestite sex workers in Serbia: Qualitative study. BMJ, 337, 1–6. doi:10.1136/bmj.a811
  • Rivers-Moore, M. (2010). But the kids are okay: Motherhood, consumption, and sex work in neo-liberal Latin America. British Journal of Sociology, 61, 716–736. doi:10.1111/bjos.2010.61.issue-4
  • Robillard, C. (2010). Honourable senoras, liminal campesinas and the shameful other: Redefining femininities in Bolivia. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 12, 529–542. doi:10.1080/13691051003668308
  • Roche, K., & Keith, C. (2014). How stigma affects healthcare access for transgender sex workers. British Journal of Nursing, 23, 1147–1152. doi:10.12968/bjon.2014.23.21.1147
  • Ronai, C., & Cross, R. (1998). Dancing with identity: Narrative resistance strategies of male and female stripteasers. Deviant Behavior, 19, 99–119. doi:10.1080/01639625.1998.9968078
  • Royalle, C. (1993). Porn in the USA. Social Text, 37, 23–32. doi:10.2307/466257
  • Sallmann, J. (2010). Living with stigma: Women’s experiences of prostitution and substance use. Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work, 25, 146–159. doi:10.1177/0886109910364362
  • Sanders, T. (2005). Sex work: A risky business. Portland, OR: Willan.
  • Sanders, T. (2017). Unpacking the process of destigmatization of sex worker/ers: Response to Weitzer “Resistance to sex work stigma.” Sexualities. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1363460716677731
  • Sausa, L., Keatley, J., & Operario, D. (2007). Perceived risks and benefits of sex work among transgender women of color in San Francisco. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36, 768–777. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9210-3
  • Scambler, G. (2007). Sex work stigma: Opportunist migrants in London. Sociology, 41, 1079–1096. doi:10.1177/0038038507082316
  • Scambler, G. (2009). Health-related stigma. Sociology of Health and Illness, 31, 441–455. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2009.01161.x
  • Scambler, G., & Hopkins, A. (1986). Being epileptic: Coming to terms with stigma. Sociology of Health and Illness, 8, 26–43. doi:10.1111/shil.1986.8.issue-1
  • Scambler, G., & Paoli, F. (2008). Health work, female sex workers, and HIV/AIDS: Global and local dimensions of stigma and deviance as barriers to effective interventions. Social Science and Medicine, 66, 1848–1862. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.002
  • Scorgie, F., Vasey, K., Harper, E., Richter, M., Nare, P., Maseko, S., & Chersich, M. (2013). Human rights abuses and collective resilience among sex workers in four African countries: A qualitative study. Globalization and Health, 9, 1–13. doi:10.1186/1744-8603-9-33
  • Scoular, J. (2016). The subject of prostitution: Sex work, law and feminist theory. London, United Kingdom: Routledge.
  • Shannon, K., & Csete, J. (2010). Violence, condom negotiation, and HIV/STI risk among sex workers. JAMA, 304, 573–574. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1090
  • Shannon, K., Kerr, T., Allinott, S., Chettiar, J., Shoveller, J., & Tyndall, M. (2008). Social and structural violence and power relations in mitigating HIV risk of drug-using women in survival sex work. Social Science and Medicine, 66, 911–921. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.11.008
  • Shannon, K., Strathdee, S., Shoveller, J., Rusch, M., Kerr, T., & Tyndall, M. (2009). Structural and environmental barriers to condom use negotiation with clients among female sex workers: Implications for HIV-prevention strategies and policy. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 659–665. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129858
  • Shaver, F. (2005). Sex work research methodological and ethical challenges. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20, 296–319. doi:10.1177/0886260504274340
  • Simic, M., & Rhodes, T. (2009). Violence, dignity, and HIV vulnerability: Street sex work in Serbia. Sociology of Health and Illness, 31, 1–16. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2008.01112.x
  • Smith, N. (2012). Body issues: The political economy of male sex work. Sexualities, 15, 586–603. doi:10.1177/1363460712445983
  • Stadler, J., & Delany, S. (2006). The “healthy brothel”: The context of clinical services for sex workers in Hillbrow, South Africa. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 8, 451–463. doi:10.1080/13691050600872107
  • Stuber, J., Meyer, I., & Link, B. (2008). Stigma, prejudice, discrimination, and health. Social Science and Medicine, 67, 351–357. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.023
  • Sullivan, B. (2010). When (some) prostitution is legal: The impact of law reform on sex work in Australia. Journal of Law and Society, 37, 85–104. doi:10.1111/jols.2010.37.issue-1
  • Swendeman, D., Fehrenbacher, A., Ali, S., George, S., Mindry, D., Collins, M., … Dey, B. (2015). “Whatever I have, I have made by coming into this profession”: The intersection of resources, agency, and achievements in pathways to sex work in Kolkata, India. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44, 1011–1023. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0404-1
  • Symanski, R. (1974). Prostitution in Nevada. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 64, 357–377. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1974.tb00985.x
  • Thompson, W., & Harred, J. (1992). Topless dancers: Managing stigma in a deviant occupation. Deviant Behavior, 13, 291–311. doi:10.1080/01639625.1992.9967914
  • Tomura, M. (2009). A prostitute’s lived experiences of stigma. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 40, 51–84. doi:10.1163/156916209X427981
  • Trautner, M., & Collett, J. (2010). Students who strip: The benefits of alternate identities for managing stigma. Symbolic Interaction, 33, 257–279. doi:10.1525/si.2010.33.2.257
  • Van Der Meulen, E. (2011). Sex work and Canadian policy: Recommendations for labor legitimacy and social change. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 8, 348–358. doi:10.1007/s13178-011-0069-7
  • Van Der Meulen, E., Durisin, E., & Love, V. (Eds.). (2013). Selling sex: Experience, advocacy, and research on sex work in Canada. Vancouver, Canada: UBC Press.
  • Vanwesenbeeck, I. (2001). Another decade of social scientific work on sex work: A review of research 1990–2000. Annual Review of Sex Research, 12, 242–289.
  • Vanwesenbeeck, I. (2013). Prostitution push and pull: Male and female perspectives. Journal of Sex Research, 50, 11–16. doi:10.1080/00224499.2012.696285
  • Vanwesenbeeck, I. (2017). Sex work criminalization is barking up the wrong tree. Archives of Sexual Behavior. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s10508-017-1008-3
  • Wagenaar, H. (2017). Why prostitution policy (usually) fails and what to do about it. Social Sciences, 6, 43–57. doi:10.3390/socsci6020043
  • Wagenaar, H., & Altink, S. (2012). Prostitution as morality politics or why it is exceedingly difficult to design and sustain effective prostitution policy. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 9, 279–292. doi:10.1007/s13178-012-0095-0
  • Warr, D., & Pyett, P. (1999). Difficult relations: Sex work, love, and intimacy. Sociology of Health and Illness, 21, 290–309. doi:10.1111/shil.1999.21.issue-3
  • Weinberg, M. S., Shaver, F. M., & Williams, C. J. (1999). Gendered sex work in the San Francisco tenderloin. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 28, 503–521. doi:10.1023/A:1018765132704
  • Weitzer, R. (Ed.). (2000). Sex for sale: Prostitution, pornography, and the sex industry. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Weitzer, R. (2005). Flawed theory and method in studies of prostitution. Violence Against Women, 11, 934–949. doi:10.1177/1077801205276986
  • Weitzer, R. (2009). Sociology of sex work. Annual Review of Sociology, 35, 213–234. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-120025
  • Weitzer, R. (2010). The mythology of prostitution: Advocacy research and public policy. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 7, 15–29. doi:10.1007/s13178-010-0002-5
  • Weitzer, R. (2017). Resistance to sex work stigma. Sexualities. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1363460716684509
  • Whitaker, T., Ryan, P., & Cox, G. (2011). Stigmatization among drug-using sex workers accessing support services in Dublin. Qualitative Health Research, 21, 1086–1100. doi:10.1177/1049732311404031
  • Wilkinson, R., & Marmot, M. (Eds.). (2003). Social determinants of health: The solid facts. Copenhagen, Denmark: World Health Organization.
  • Williamson, C., Baker, L., Jenkins, M., & Cluse-Tolar, T. (2007). Police–prostitute interactions. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 18, 15–37. doi:10.1300/J059v18n02_03
  • Wojcicki, J., & Malala, J. (2001). Condom use, power, and HIV/AIDS risk: Sex-workers bargain for survival in Hillbrow/Joubert Park/Berea, Johannesburg. Social Science and Medicine, 53, 99–121. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00315-4
  • Wong, W., Holroyd, E., & Bingham, A. (2011). Stigma and sex work from the perspective of female sex workers in Hong Kong. Sociology of Health and Illness, 33, 50–65. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2010.01276.x
  • Zalwango, F., Eriksson, L., Seeley, J., Nakamanya, S., Vandepitte, J., & Grosskurth, H. (2010). Parenting and money making: Sex work and women’s choices in urban Uganda. Wagadu, 8, 71–92.
  • Zelizer, V. (2005). The purchase of intimacy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.