Race and Trends in Pornography Viewership, 1973–2016: Examining the Moderating Roles of Gender and Religion

References

• Amoah, J. D. (1994). Black on the auction block: A discussion of Black women and pornography. National Black Law Journal, 14, 204.
   Google Scholar
• Bearman, P. S., & Bruckner, H. (2001). Promising the future: Virginity pledges and first intercourse. American Journal of Sociology, 106, 859–912. doi:10.1086/320295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernardi, D. (2007). Racism and pornography: Evidence, paradigms, and publishing. Cinema Journal, 46, 116–121. doi:10.1353/cj.2007.0033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady, D. (2009). Rich democracies, poor people: How politics explain poverty. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, J. D., & L’Engle, K. L. (2009). Sexual attitudes and behaviors associated with U.S. early adolescents’ exposure to sexually explicit media. Communication Research, 36, 129–151. doi:10.1177/0093650208326465
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzzell, T. (2005). Demographic characteristics of persons using pornography in three technological contexts. Sexuality and Culture, 9, 28–48. doi:10.1007/BF02908761
   Google Scholar
• Carroll, J. S., Padilla-Walker, L. M., Nelson, L. J., Olson, C. D., McNamara Barry, C., & Madsen, S. D. (2008). Generation XXX: Pornography acceptance and use among emerging adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 23, 6–30. doi:10.1177/0743558407306348
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, P. H. (2000). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, P. H. (2004). Black sexual politics: African Americans, gender, and the new racism. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cowan, G. (1995). Black and White (and blue): Ethnicity and pornography. In H. Landrine (Ed.), Bringing cultural diversity to feminist psychology: Theory, research, practice (pp. 397–411). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Cowan, G., & Campbell, R. R. (2004). Racism and sexism in interracial pornography: A content analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18, 323–338. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1994.tb00459.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dines, G. (1998). King Kong and the White woman: Hustler magazine and the demonization of Black masculinity. Violence Against Women, 4(3), 291–307. doi:10.1177/1077801298004003003
   Google Scholar
• Dines, G. (2006). The White man’s burden: Gonzo pornography and the construction of Black masculinity. Yale Journal of Law and Feminism, 18, 283–298.
   Google Scholar
• Dines, G. (2010). Pornland: How porn has hijacked our sexuality. Boston, MA: Beacon.
   Google Scholar
• Doran, K., & Price, J. (2014). Pornography and marriage. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 35, 489–498. doi:10.1007/s10834-014-9391-6
   Google Scholar
• Forna, A. (1992). Pornography and racism: Sexualizing oppression and inciting hatred. In C. Itzin (Ed.), Pornography: Women, violence, and civil liberties (pp. 102–112). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grubbs, J. B., Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., Hook, J. N., & Carlisle, R. D. (2015). Transgression as addiction: Religiosity and moral disapproval as predictors of perceived addiction to pornography. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44, 125–136. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0257-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, G., Fu, Y., Lee, H., Cai, T., Harris, K. M., & Li, Y. (2014). Genetic bio-ancestry and social construction of racial classification of social surveys in the contemporary United States. Demography, 61, 141–172. doi:10.1007/s13524-013-0242-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hald, G. M. (2006). Gender differences in pornography consumption among young heterosexual Danish adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35, 577–585. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9064-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy, S. A., Steelman, M. A., Coyne, S. M., & Ridge, R. D. (2013). Adolescent religiousness as a protective factor against pornography use. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 34, 131–139. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2012.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennessy, M., Bleakley, A., Fishbein, M., & Jordan, A. (2009). Estimating the longitudinal association between adolescent sexual behavior and exposure to sexual media content. Journal of Sex Research, 46, 586–596. doi:10.1080/00224490902898736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, R. (2007). Getting off: Pornography and the end of masculinity. Cambridge, MA: South End.
   Google Scholar
• Johansson, T., & Hammaren, N. (2007). Hegemonic masculinity and pornography: Young people’s attitudes toward and relations to pornography. Journal of Men’s Studies, 15, 57–70. doi:10.3149/jms.1501.57
   Google Scholar
• Lykke, L. C., & Cohen, P. N. (2015). The widening gender gap in opposition to pornography, 1975–2012. Social Currents, 2, 307–323. doi:10.1177/2329496515604170
   Google Scholar
• Mayall, A., & Russell, D. (1993). Racism in pornography. Feminism and Psychology, 3, 275–281. doi:10.1177/0959353593032023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCree, D. H., Wingood, G. M., DiClemente, R., Davies, S., & Harrington, K. F. (2003). Religiosity and risky sexual behavior in African American adolescent females. Journal of Adolescent Health, 33, 2–8. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00460-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller-Young, M. (2007). Hip-hop honeys and da hustlaz: Black sexualities in the new hip-hop pornography. Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism, 8, 261–292. doi:10.2979/MER.2007.8.1.261
   Google Scholar
• Miller-Young, M. (2010). Putting hypersexuality to work: Black women and illicit eroticism in pornography. Sexualities, 13(2), 219–235. doi:10.1177/1363460709359229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller-Young, M. (2014). A taste for brown sugar: Black women in pornography. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Morning, A. (2014). And you thought we had moved beyond all that: Biological race returns to the social sciences. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 37, 1676–1685. doi:10.1080/01419870.2014.931992
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash, J. C. (2014). The Black body in ecstasy: Reading race, reading pornography. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, L. J., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Carroll, J. S. (2010). “I believe it is wrong but I still do it”: A comparison of religious young men who do versus do not use pornography. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2, 136–147. doi:10.1037/a0019127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, R., & Price, J. (2012). Pornography, religion, and the happiness gap: Does pornography impact the actively religious differently? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 51, 79–89. doi:10.1111/jssr.2012.51.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pattillo-McCoy, M. (1998). Church culture as a strategy of action in the Black community. American Sociological Review, 63, 767–784. doi:10.2307/2657500
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, S. L. (2016). From bad to worse? Pornography consumption, spousal religiosity, gender, and marital quality. Sociological Forum, 31, 441–464. doi:10.1111/socf.2016.31.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, S. L. (2017). Not practicing what you preach: Religion and incongruence between pornography beliefs and usage. Journal of Sex Research. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1333569
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, S. L., & Schleifer, C. (2017). Till porn do us part? A longitudinal examination of pornography use and divorce. Journal of Sex Research. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1317709
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2011). The use of sexually explicit Internet material and its antecedents: A longitudinal comparison of adolescents and adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 1015–1025. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9644-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, J. L., & Hyde, J. S. (2011). Gender differences in sexual attitudes and behaviors: A review of meta-analytic results and large datasets. Journal of Sex Research, 48, 149–165. doi:10.1080/00224499.2011.551851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulsen, F. O., Busby, D. M., & Galovan, A. M. (2013). Pornography use: Who uses it and how it is associated with couple outcomes. Journal of Sex Research, 50, 72–83. doi:10.1080/00224499.2011.648027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, J., Patterson, R., Regnerus, M., & Walley, J. (2016). How much more XXX is Generation X consuming? Evidence of changing attitudes and behaviors related to pornography since 1973. Journal of Sex Research, 53, 12–20. doi:10.1080/00224499.2014.1003773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regnerus, M. (2007). Forbidden fruit: Sex and religion in the lives of American teenagers. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Regnerus, M., Gordon, D., & Price, J. (2016). Documenting pornography use in America: A comparative analysis of methodological approach. Journal of Sex Research, 53, 873–881. doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1096886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schleifer, C., & Chaves, M. (2017). Family formation and religious service attendance: Untangling marital and parental effects. Sociological Methods and Research, 46, 125–152. doi:10.1177/0049124114526376
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelton, J. E., & Emerson, M. O. (2012). Blacks and Whites in Christian America: How racial discrimination shapes religious convictions. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sherkat, D. E., & Ellison, C. G. (1997). The cognitive structure of a moral crusade: Conservative Protestantism and opposition to pornography. Social Forces, 75, 957–980. doi:10.1093/sf/75.3.957
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiao, J. L., Bode, T., Beyer, A., & Selvig, D. (2012). The genomic challenge to the social construction of race. Sociological Theory, 30, 67–88. doi:10.1177/0735275112448053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short, M. B., Kasper, T. E., & Wetterneck, C. T. (2015). The relationship between religiosity and Internet pornography use. Journal of Religion and Health, 54, 571–583. doi:10.1007/s10943-014-9849-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, J. G., & Luykx, A. (2017). Race play in BDSM porn: The eroticization of oppression. Porn Studies, 16, 1–14. doi:10.1080/23268743.2016.1252158
   Google Scholar
• Steensland, B., Park, J. Z., Regnerus, M. D., Robinson, L., Wilcox, W. B., & Woodberry, R. (2000). The measure of American religion: Toward improving the state of the art. Social Forces, 79, 291–318. doi:10.1093/sf/79.1.291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinman, K. J., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2004). Religious activity and risk behavior among African American adolescents: Concurrent and developmental effects. American Journal of Community Psychology, 33, 151–161. doi:10.1023/B:AJCP.0000027002.93526.bb
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockman, F. (2017, January 9). Women’s march on Washington opens contentious dialogues about race. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/09/us/womens-march- on-washington-opens-contentious-dialogues-about-race.html
   Google Scholar
• Strub, W. (2011). Perversion for profit: The politics of pornography and the rise of the new right. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, J. N. (2013). Outsourcing moral authority: The internal secularization of evangelicals’ anti-pornography narratives. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 52, 457–475. doi:10.1111/jssr.2013.52.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voas, D., & Chaves, M. (2016). Is the United States a counterexample to the secularization thesis?. American Journal of Sociology. 121(5), 1517–1556. doi:10.1086/684202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead, A. L., & Perry, S. L. (2017). Unbuckling the Bible belt: A state-level analysis of religious factors and Google searches for porn. Journal of Sex Research. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1278736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, M., & Hughes, M. (1984). The moral basis of moral reform: Status discontent vs. culture and socialization as explanation of anti-pornography social movement adherence. American Sociological Review, 49, 86–99. doi:10.2307/2095559
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, P. J. (2013). U.S. males and pornography, 1973–2010: Consumption, predictors, and correlates. Journal of Sex Research, 50, 60–71. doi:10.1080/00224499.2011.628132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, P. J., Bae, S., & Funk, M. (2013). United States women and pornography through four decades: Exposure, attitudes, behaviors, and individual differences. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 1131–1144. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0116-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar