Behind Closed Doors: Individual and Joint Pornography Use Among Romantic Couples

References

• Anderson, J. R., Van Ryzin, M. J., & Doherty, W. J. (2010). Developmental trajectories of marital happiness in continuously married individuals: A group-based modeling approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(5), 587–596. doi:10.1037/a0020928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, S. A., Russell, C. S., & Schumm, W. R. (1983). Perceived marital quality and family life-cycle categories: A further analysis. Journal of Marriage and Family, 45(1), 127–139. doi:10.2307/351301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baer, J. L., Kohut, T., & Fisher, W. A. (2015). Is pornography use associated with anti-woman sexual aggression? Re-examining the Confluence Model with third variable considerations. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 24(2), 160–173. doi:10.3138/cjhs.242-A6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birnbaum, G. E. (2017). The fragile spell of desire: A functional perspective on changes in sexual desire across relationship development. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 22, 101–127. doi:10.1177/1088868317715350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birnbaum, G. E., & Finkel, E. J. (2015). The magnetism that holds us together: Sexuality and relationship maintenance across relationship development. Current Opinion in Psychology, 1, 29–33. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.11.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birnbaum, G. E., & Reis, H. T. (2018). Evolved to be connected: The dynamics of attachment and sex over the course of romantic relationships. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 11–15. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blais-Lecours, S., Vaillancourt-Morel, M. P., Sabourin, S., & Godbout, N. (2016). Cyberpornography: Time use, perceived addiction, sexual functioning, and sexual satisfaction. Cyberpsychology Behavioral Social Network, 19(11), 649–655. doi:10.1089/cyber.2016.0364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumer, H. (1969). The methodological position of symbolic interactionism. Sociology. Thought and Action, 2(2), 147–156.
   Google Scholar
• Braithwaite, S. R., Coulson, G., Keddington, K., & Fincham, F. D. (2015). The influence of pornography on sexual scripts and hooking up among emerging adults in college. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44, 111–123. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0351-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridges, A. J., & Morokoff, P. J. (2011). Sexual media use and relational satisfaction in heterosexual couples. Personal Relationships, 18(4), 562–585. doi:10.1111/pere.2011.18.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, C. C., Carroll, J. S., Yorgason, J. B., Busby, D. M., Willoughby, B. J., & Larson, J. H. (2017). A common-fate analysis of pornography acceptance, use, and sexual satisfaction among heterosexual married couples. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, 575–584. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0732-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busby, D. M., Chiu, H., Olsen, J. A., & Willoughby, B. J. (2017). Evaluating the dimensionality of pornography. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, 1723–1731. doi:10.1007/s10508-017-0983-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busby, D. M., Holman, T. B., & Niehuis, S. (2009). The association between partner enhancement and self-enhancement and relationship quality outcomes. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71, 449–464. doi:10.1111/jomf.2009.71.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busby, D. M., Holman, T. B., & Taniguchi, N. (2001). RELATE: Relationship evaluation of the individual, family, cultural, and couple contexts. Family Relations, 50, 308–316. doi:10.1111/fare.2001.50.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busby, D. M., Ivey, D. C., Harris, S. M., & Ates, C. (2007). Self-directed, therapist-directed, and assessment-based interventions for premarital couples. Family Relations, 3(56), 279–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byers, E. S. (2011). Beyond the birds and the bees and was it good for you? Thirty years of research on sexual communication. Canadian Psychology, 52(1), 20–28. doi:10.1037/a0022048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byers, E. S., & Demmons, S. (1999). Sexual satisfaction and sexual self‐disclosure within dating relationships. Journal of Sex Research, 36(2), 180–189. doi:10.1080/00224499909551983
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, D., & Clore, G. L. (1970). A reinforcement model of evaluative processes. Personality: An International Journal, 1, 103–128.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, L., & Kohut, T. (2017). The use and effects of pornography in romantic relationships. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 6–10. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.03.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll, J. S., Busby, D. M., Willoughby, B. J., & Brown, C. C. (2017). The porn gap: Differences in men’s and women’s pornography patterns in couple relationships. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 16(2), 146–163. doi:10.1080/15332691.2016.1238796
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll, J. S., Padilla-Walker, L. M., Nelson, L. J., Olson, C. D., Barry, C., & Madsen, S. D. (2008). Generation XXX: Pornography acceptance and use among emerging adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 23, 6–30. doi:10.1177/0743558407306348
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalheira, A., Træen, B., & Stulhofer, A. (2015). Masturbation and pornography use among coupled heterosexual men with decreased sexual desire: How many roles of masturbation? Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 41(6), 626–635. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2014.958790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, M. S., & Beck, L. A. (2011). Initiating and evaluating close relationships: A task central to emerging adults. In F. D. Fincham & M. Cui (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships. Romantic relationships in emerging adulthood (pp. 190–212). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Daneback, K., Traeen, B., & Mansson, S. (2009). Use of pornography in a random sample of Norwegian heterosexual couples. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 746–753. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9314-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doran, K., & Price, J. (2014). Pornography and marriage. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 35(4), 489–498. doi:10.1007/s10834-014-9391-6
   Google Scholar
• Doring, N. (2009). The internet’s impact on sexuality: A critical review of 15 years of research. Computers in Human Behavior, 25, 1089–1101. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2009.04.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson, K., & Simpson, B. (2010). Emotional reactions to losing explain gender differences in entering a risky lottery. Judgment and Decision Making, 5, 159–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans-DeCicco, J. A., & Cowan, G. (2001). Attitudes toward pornography and the characteristics attributed to pornography actors. Sex Roles, 44(5–6), 351–361. doi:10.1023/A:1010985817751
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, W. A., Kohut, T., Campbell, L., & Montgomery Graham, S. (2016). Effects of pornography use on the couple relationship: Results of “Bottom-up,” participant- informed, qualitative research. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 13(6), S253. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.04.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grov, C., Gillespie, B., Royce, T., & Lever, J. (2011). Perceived consequences of casual online sexual activities on heterosexual relationships: A.U.S. online survey. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 429–439. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9598-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grubbs, J. B., Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., Hook, J. N., & Carlisle, R. D. (2015). Transgression as addiction: Religiosity and moral disapproval as predictors of perceived addiction to pornography. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(1), 125–136. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0257-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grubbs, J. B., & Perry, S. L. (2018). Moral incongruence and pornography use: A critical review and integration. The Journal of Sex Research. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224499.2018.1427204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hald, G. M. (2006). Gender differences in pornography consumption among young heterosexual Danish adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35, 577–585. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9064-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hald, G. M., & Malamuth, N. (2008). Self-perceived effects of pornography consumption. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 614–625. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9212-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hald, G. M., Malamuth, N. M., & Yuen, C. (2010). Pornography and attitudes supporting violence against women: Revisiting the relationship in nonexperimental studies. Aggressive Behavior, 36(1), 14–20. doi:10.1002/ab.20328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hald, G. M., Seamon, C., & Linz, D. (2014). Sexuality and pornography. In D. L. Tolman & L. M. Diamond (Eds.), APA Handbook of Sexaulty and Psychology, Volume 2 (pp. 3–35). Washington, DC: APA.
   Google Scholar
• Hernandez, K. M., Mahoney, A., & Pargament, K. I. (2011). Sanctification of sexuality: Implications for newlyweds’ marital and sexual quality. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(5), 775–780. doi:10.1037/a0025103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussen, S. A., Bowleg, L., Sangaramoorthy, T., & Malebranche, D. J. (2012). Parents, peers and pornography: The influence of formative sexual scripts on adult HIV sexual risk behavior among Black men in the USA. Culture Health & Sexuality, 14(8), 863–877. doi:10.1080/13691058.2012.703327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Impett, E. A., Muise, A., & Peragine, D. (2014). Sexuality in the context of relationships. APA Handbook of Sexuality and Psychology, 1, 269–315.
   Google Scholar
• Kingsberg, S. A. (2002). The impact of aging on sexual function in women and their partners. Archives of Sexual Behavior., 31(5), 431–437. doi:10.1023/A:1019844209233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohut, T., Fisher, W. A., & Campbell, L. (2017). Perceived effects of pornography on the couple relationship: Initial findings of open-ended, participant-informed, “bottom-up” research. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, 585–602. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0783-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, N. M., Negash, S., Stillman, T. F., Olmstead, S. B., & Fincham, F. D. (2012). A love that doesn’t last: Pornography consumption and weakened commitment to one’s romantic partner. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31, 410–438. doi:10.1521/jscp.2012.31.4.410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonhardt, N. D., & Willoughby, B. J. (2017). Pornography, provocative sexual media, and their differing associations with multiple aspects of sexual satisfaction. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. Retrieved from. doi:10.1177/026504075I17739162
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonhardt, N. D., Willoughby, B. J., & Young-Petersen, B. (2018). Damaged goods: Perception of pornography addiction as a mediator between religiosity and relationship anxiety surrounding pornography. Journal of Sex Research, 55(3), 357–368. doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1295013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lofgren-Martenson, L., & Mansson, S. A. (2010). Lust, love, and life: A qualitative study of Swedish adolescents’ perceptions and experiences with pornography. Journal of Sex Research, 47(6), 568–579. doi:10.1080/00224490903151374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maas, M. K., Vasilenko, S. A., & Willoughby, B. J. (2018). A dyadic approach to pornography use and relationship satisfaction among heterosexual couples: The role of pornography acceptance and anxious attachment. The Journal of Sex Research. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224499.2018.1440281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddox, A. M., Rhoades, G. K., & Markman, H. J. (2011). Viewing sexually-explicit materials alone or together: Associations with relationship quality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 441–448. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9585-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malamuth, N. M., Hald, G. M., & Koss, M. (2012). Pornography, individual differences in risk and men’s acceptance of violence against women in a representative sample. Sex Roles, 66(7–8). doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0082-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning, J. C. (2006). The impact of internet pornography on marriage and the family: A review of the research. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 13(2–3), 131–165. doi:10.1080/10720160600870711
   Google Scholar
• Mason, W., & Suri, S. (2012). Conducting behavioral research on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Behavioral Research Methods, 44(1), 1–23. doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0124-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNulty, J. K., & Fisher, T. D. (2008). Gender differences in response to sexual expectancies and changes in sexual frequency: A short term longitudinal study of sexual satisfaction in newly married couples. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37(2), 229–240. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9176-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minarcik, J., Wetterneck, C. T., & Short, M. B. (2016). The effects of sexually explicit material use on romantic relationship dynamics. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(4), 700–707. doi:10.1556/2006.5.2016.078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, E. M. (2011). Associations between young adults’ use of sexually explicit materials and their sexual preferences, behaviors, and satisfaction. Journal of Sex Research, 48, 520–530. doi:10.1080/00224499.2010.543960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muusses, L. D., Kerkhof, P., & Finkenauer, C. (2015). Internet pornography and relationship quality: A longitudinal study of within and between partner effects of adjustment, sexual satisfaction, and sexually explicit internet material among newly-weds. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 77–84. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, L. J., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Carroll, J. S. (2010). “I believe it is wrong but i still do it”: a comparison of religious young men who do versus do not use pornography. Psychology Of Religion and Spirituality, 2(3), 136–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paolacci, G., Chandler, J., & Ipeirotis, P. G. (2010). Running experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Judgment and Decision Making, 5(5), 411–419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, R., & Price, J. (2012). Pornography, religion, and the happiness gap: Does pornography impact the actively religious differently? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 51(1), 79–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, S. L. (2016). From bad to worse? Pornography consumption, spousal religiosity, gender, and marital quality. Sociological Forum, 31(2), 441–464. doi:10.1111/socf.12252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, S. L. (2017). Does viewing pornography reduce marital quality over time? Evidence from longitudinal data. Archives Of Sexual Behavior, 46(2), 549–559. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0770-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, S. L., & Whitehead, A. L. (2018). Only bad for believers? Religion, pornography use, and sexual satisfaction among American men. Journal of Sex Research, 1–12. ( Retrieved from) doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1423017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. (2010). Adolescents’ use of sexually explicit internet material and sexual uncertainty: The role of involvement and gender. Communication Monographs, 77, 357–375. doi:10.1080/03637751.2010.498791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulsen, F. O., Busby, D. M., & Galovan, A. M. (2013). Pornography use: Who uses it and how it is associated with couple outcomes. Journal of Sex Research, 50(1), 72–83. doi:10.1080/00224499.2011.648027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regnerus, M., Gordon, D., & Price, J. (2016). Documenting pornography use in America: A comparative analysis of methodological approaches. The Journal of Sex Research, 53(7), 873–881. doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1096886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reissman, C., Aron, A., & Bergen, M. R. (1993). Shared activities and marital satisfaction: Causal direction and self-expansion versus boredom. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10, 243–254. doi:10.1177/026540759301000205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resch, M. N., & Alderson, K. G. (2014). Female partners of men who use pornography: Are honesty and mutual use associated with relationship satisfaction? Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 40(5), 410–424. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2012.751077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rust, J., & Golombok, S. (1985). The Golombok-Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction (GRISS). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24(1), 63–64. doi:10.1111/j.20448260.1985.tb01314.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short, M. B., Black, L., Smith, A. H., Wetterneck, C. T., & Wells, D. E. (2012). A review of internet pornography use research: Methodology and content from the past 10 years. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15, 13–23. doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, J. A., & Harris, B. A. (1994). Interpersonal attraction. In A. L. Weber & J. H. Harvey (Eds.), Perspectives on close relationships (pp. 45–66). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Steiger, J. H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 893–898. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, D. N., & Szymanski, D. M. (2012). Young adult women’s reports of their male romantic partner’s pornography use as a correlate of their self-esteem, relationship quality, and sexual satisfaction. Sex Roles, 67, 257–271. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0164-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stulhofer, S., Busko, V., & Landripet, I. (2010). Pornography, sexual socialization, and satisfaction among young men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 168–178. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9387-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, C., Bridges, A., Johnson, J. A., & Ezzell, M. B. (2016). Pornography and the male sexual script: An analysis of consumption and sexual relations. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45, 983–994. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0391-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suri, S., & Watts, D. J. (2011). Cooperation and contagion in web-based, networked public goods experiments. PLoS One, 8356(3), e16836. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016836
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., & Wang, X. (2012). Structural equation modeling: Applications using Mplus (1st ed.). West Sussex, UK: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Weinberg, M. S., Williams, C. J., Kleiner, S., & Irizarry, Y. (2010). Pornography, normalization, and empowerment. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(6), 1389–1401. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9592-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willoughby, B. J., & Busby, D. M. (2016). In the eye of the beholder: Exploring variations in the perception of pornography. Journal of Sex Research, 53, 678–688. doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1013601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willoughby, B. J., Carroll, J. S., Busby, D. M., & Brown, C. C. (2016). Differences in pornography use among couples: Associations with satisfaction, stability, and relationship processes. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45, 145–158. doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0562-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willoughby, B. J., Carroll, J. S., Nelson, L. J., & Padilla-Walker, L. M. (2014). Associations between relational sexual behavior, pornography use, and pornography acceptance among emerging adults. Culture, Health, & Sexuality, 16, 1052–1069. doi:10.1080/13691058.2014.927075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, P. J. (2011). Mass media effects on youth sexual behavior assessing the claim for causality. Annals of the International Communication Association, 35, 353–385. doi:10.1080/23808985.2011.11679121
   Google Scholar
• Wright, P. J. (2013). U.S. males and pornography, 1973-2010: Consumption, predictors, correlates. Journal of Sex Research, 50, 60–71. doi:10.1080/00224499.2011.628132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, P. J., Steffen, N. J., & Sun, C. (2017). Is the relationship between pornography consumption frequency and lower sexual satisfaction curvilinear? Results from England and Germany. Journal of Sex Research, 1–7. ( Retrieved from). doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1347912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, P. J., Tokunaga, R. S., Kraus, A., & Klann, E. (2017). Pornography consumption and satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Human Communication Research, 43, 315–343. Retrieved from. doi:10.1111/hcre.12108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yucel, D., & Gassanov, M. A. (2010). Exploring actor and partner correlates of sexual satisfaction among married couples. Social Science Research, 39(5), 725–738.
   Google Scholar