1,685
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Heterosexual Script on Tween, Teen, and Young-Adult Television Programs: A Content Analytic Update and Extension

, , &

References

  • Aubrey, J. S. (2004). Sex and punishment: An examination of sexual consequences and the sexual double standard in teen programming. Sex Roles, 50, 7–8. doi:10.1023/B:SER.0000023070.87195.07
  • Aubrey, J. S., Miller, B., & Bond, B. (2017, May). The lessons will be televised: age-related differences in television portrayals of sexual consequences by gender. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, San Diego, CA.
  • Bandura, A. (2001). Social-cognitive theory of mass communication. Media Psychology, 3, 265–299. doi:10.1207/s1532785xmep0303_03
  • Boyar, R., Levine, D., & Zensius, N. (2011). TECHsex USA: Youth sexuality and reproductive health in the digital age. Oakland, CA: ISIS Inc.
  • Brown, J. D., L’Engle, K. L., Pardun, C. J., Guo, G., Kenneavy, K., & Jackson, C. (2006). Sexy media matter: Exposure to sexual content in music, movies, television and magazines predicts black and white adolescents’ sexual behavior. Pediatrics, 117, 1018–1027. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1406
  • Collins, R. L., Elliott, M. N., Berry, S. H., Kanouse, D. E., Kunkel, D., Hunter, S. B., & Miu, A. (2004). Watching sex on television predicts adolescent initiation of sexual behavior. Pediatrics, 114, e280–289. doi:10.1542/peds.2003-1065-L
  • Coyne, S. M., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Howard, E. (2013). Emerging in a digital world: A decade review of media use, effects, and gratifications in emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 1, 125–137. doi:10.1177/2167696813479782
  • Dillman Carpentier, F., Stevens, E., Wu, L., & Seely, N. (2017). Sex, love, and risk-n-responsibility: A content analysis of entertainment television. Mass Communication and Society, 20, 686–709. doi:10.1080/15205436.2017.1298807
  • England, P., Shafer, E. F., & Fogerty, A. C. K. (2008). Hooking up and forming relationships on today’s college campuses. In M. Kimmel (Ed.), The gendered society reader (3rd ed., pp. 531–593). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Eyal, K., & Finnerty, K. (2009). The portrayal of sexual intercourse on television: How, who, and with what consequence? Mass Communication & Society, 12, 143–169. doi:10.1080/15205430802136713
  • Finnerty-Myers, K. (2011). Understanding the dynamics behind the relationship between exposure to negative consequences of risky sex on entertainment television and emerging adults’ safe-sex attitudes and intentions. Mass Communication & Society, 14, 743–765. doi:10.1080/15205436.2010.540057
  • Fisher, D. A., Hill, D. L., Grube, J. W., & Gruber, E. L. (2004). Sex on American television: An analysis across program genres and network types. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 48, 529–553. doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4804_1
  • Fortenberry, J. D. (2013). Puberty and adolescent sexuality. Hormones and Behavior, 64, 28–287. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00392.x
  • Gallup. (n.d.). Moral issues. Retrieved from https://news.gallup.com/poll/1681/moral-issues.aspx
  • Garcia, J. R., & Reiber, C. (2008). Hook-up behavior: A biopsychosocial perspective. Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology, 2, 49–65. doi:10.1037/h0099345
  • Garcia, J. R., Reiber, C., Massey, S. G., & Merriwether, A. M. (2012). Sexual hookup culture: A review. Review of General Psychology, 16, 161–176. doi:10.1037/a0027911
  • Gerding, A., & Signorielli, N. (2014). Gender roles in tween television programming: A content analysis of two genres. Sex Roles, 70, 43–56. doi:10.1007/s11199-013-0330-z
  • Gwet, K. (2018, February 10). An evaluation of the impact of design on the analysis of nominal-scale inter-rater reliability studies. Retrieved from http://www.agreestat.com/research_papers/inter-rater%20reliability%20study%20design1.pdf
  • Heldman, C., & Wade, L. (2010). Hook-up culture: Setting a new research agenda. Sexual Research Social Policy, 2, 323–333. doi:10.1007/s13178-010-0024-z
  • Jaffray, P. (2018). Annual taking stock with teens survey. Retrieved from http://www.piperjaffray.com/private/pdf/2018_Spring_TSWT_Spring_Infographic_LARGE.pdf
  • Kann, L., McManus, T., Harris, W. A., Shanklin, S. L., Flint, K. H., Queen, B., … Ethier, K. A. (2018). Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2017. MMWR Surveillance Summary, 67, 1–114. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6708a1
  • Kim, J. L., Sorsoli, C. L., Collins, K., Zybergold, B. A., Schooler, D., & Tolman, D. L. (2007). From sex to sexuality: Exposing the heterosexual script on primetime network television. Journal of Sex Research, 44, 145–157. doi:10.1080/00224490701263660
  • Krippendorff, K. (2014). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
  • Kunkel, D., Biely, E., Eyal, K., Cope-Farrar, K., & Donnerstein, E. (2003). Sex on TV 3: A biennial report to the Kaiser Family Foundation. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation.
  • Kunkel, D., Cope, K. M., & Biely, E. (1999). Sexual messages on television: Comparing findings from three studies. Journal of Sex Research, 36, 230–236. doi:10.1080/00224499909551993
  • Kunkel, D., Eyal, K., Finnerty, K., Biely, E., & Donnerstein, E. (2005). Sex on TV 5. A biennial report to the Kaiser Family Foundation. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation.
  • Malacane, M., & Martins, N. (2017). Sexual socialization messages in television programming produced for adolescents. Mass Communication and Society, 20, 23–46. doi:10.1080/15205436.2016.1203436
  • Manganello, J., Franzini, A., & Jordan, A. (2008). Sampling television programs for content analysis of sex on TV: How many episodes are enough? Journal of Sex Research, 45, 9–16. doi:10.1080/00224490701629514
  • Nabi, R. L., & Clark, S. (2008). Exploring the limits of social cognitive theory: Why negatively reinforced behaviors on TV may be modeled anyway. Journal of Communication, 58, 407–427. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00392.x
  • Neuendorf, K. A. (2017). The content analysis guidebook (2nd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
  • Pew Research Center. (2019, May 14). Attitudes on same-sex marriage. Retrieved from https://www.pewforum.org/fact-sheet/changing-attitudes-on-gay-marriage/
  • Seabrook, R. C., Ward, L. M., Reed, L., Manago, A., Giaccardi, S., & Lippman, J. R. (2016). Our scripted sexuality: The development and validation of a measure of the heterosexual script and its relation to television consumption. Emerging Adulthood, 45, 338–355. doi:10.1177/2167696815623686
  • Signorielli, N., & Bievenour, A. (2015). Sex in adolescent programming: A content analysis. Communication Research Reports, 32, 304–313. doi:10.1080/08824096.2015.1089856
  • Simon, W., & Gagnon, J. H. (1986). Sexual scripts: Permanence and change. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 15, 97–120. doi:10.1007/BF01542219
  • Smiler, A. P. (2006). Living the image: A quantitative approach to delineating masculinities. Sex Roles, 55, 621–632. doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9118-8
  • Smiler, A. P. (2013). Challenging Casanova: Beyond the stereotype of the promiscuous young male. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Sutton, M. J., Brown, J. D., Wilson, K. M., & Klein, J. D. (2002). Shaking the tree of knowledge for forbidden fruit: Where adolescents learn about sexuality and contraception. In J. D. Brown, J. R. Steele, & K. Walsh-Childers (Eds.), Sexual teens, sexual media: Investigating media’s influence on adolescent sexuality (pp. 25–55). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Timmermans, E., & Van den Bulck, J. (2018). Casual sexual scripts on the screen: A quantitative content analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47, 1481–1496. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1147-1
  • Tolman, D. L. (2016). Adolescent girls’ sexuality. In N. L. Fischer & S. Seidman (Eds.), Introducing the new sexuality studies (3rd ed., pp. 136–142). London, UK: Routledge.
  • Tolman, D. L., Davis, B. R., & Bowman, C. P. (2016). “That’s just how it is”: A gendered analysis of masculinity and femininity ideologies in adolescent girls’ and boys’ heterosexual relationships. Journal of Adolescent Research, 31, 3–31. doi:10.1177/0743558415587325
  • Twenge, J., Sherman, M., & Wells, R. (2017). Declines in sexual frequency among American adults, 1989–2014. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(8), 2389–2401. doi:10.1007/s10508-017-0953-1
  • Ward, L. M. (1995). Talking about sex: Common themes about sexuality in the prime-time television programs children and adolescents view most. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24, 595–615. doi:10.1007/BF01537058
  • Wentland, J. J., & Reissing, E. D. (2011). Taking casual sex not too casually: Exploring definitions of casual sexual relationships. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 20, 75–92. doi:10.3138/cjhs.2744
  • Wright, P. J. (2009). Sexual socialization messages in mainstream entertainment mass media: A review and synthesis. Sexuality & Culture, 13, 181–200. doi:10.1007/s12119-009-9050-5

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.