Norms, Trust, and Backup Plans: U.S. College Women’s Use of Withdrawal with Casual and Committed Romantic Partners

References

• Allison, R., & Risman, B. J. (2013). A double standard for ‘hooking up’: How far have we come toward gender equality? Social Science Research, 42(5), 1191–1206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.04.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anders, K. M., Goodcase, E., Yzaedjian, A., & Toews, M. L. (2020). “Sex is easier to get and love is harder to find”: Costs and rewards of hooking up among first-year college students. Journal of Sex Research, 57(2), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1667946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, E. A., & Hamilton, L. (2013). Paying for the party. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong, E., Hamilton, L. T., Armstrong, E. M., & Seeley, J. L. (2014). ‘Good girls’: Gender, social class, and slut discourse on campus. Social Psychology Quarterly, 77(2), 100–122. https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272514521220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, E., Hamilton, L., & England, P. (2010). Is hooking up bad for young women? Contexts, 9(3), 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1525/ctx.2010.9.3.22
   Google Scholar
• Arteaga, S., & Gomez, A. M. (2016). “Is that a method of birth control?” A qualitative exploration of young women’s use of withdrawal. Journal of Sex Research, 53(4–5), 626–632. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2015.1079296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barriger, M., & Vélez-Blasini, C. J. (2013). Descriptive and injunctive social norm overestimation in hooking up and their role as predictors of hookup activity in a college student sample. Journal of Sex Research, 50(1), 84–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2011.607928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bearak, J. M. (2014). Casual contraception in casual sex: Life-cycle change in undergraduates’ sexual behavior in hookups. Social Forces, 93(2), 483–513. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sou091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogle, K. A. (2008). Hooking up: Sex, dating, and relationships on campus. New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bradshaw, C., Kahn, A. S., & Saville, B. K. (2010). To hook up or date: Which gender benefits? Sex Roles, 62(9–10), 661–669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9765-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, L. M. (2010). Gendered sexuality over the life course: A conceptual framework. Sociological Perspectives, 53(2), 155–178. https://doi.org/10.1525/sop.2010.53.2.155
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. (2001). Grounded theory. In R. Emerson (Ed.), Contemporary field research: Perspectives and formulations (pp. 335–352). Waveland Press.
   Google Scholar
• Connell, R. W. (1987). Gender and power: Society, the person and sexual politics. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dalessandro, C., James-Hawkins, L., & Sennott, C. (2019). Strategic silence: College men and hegemonic masculinity in contraceptive decision making. Gender & Society, 33(5), 772–794. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243219850061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalessandro, C., Thorpe, R., & Sanders, J. (2021). “For me, it’s having something meaningful”: Women’s emotional understandings of sex and the sexual acceptability of contraception. Journal of Sex Research, 1–12. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.1958194
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Visser, R. (2004). Delayed application of condoms, withdrawal and negotiation of safer sex among heterosexual young adults. AIDS Care, 16(3), 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120410001665321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dude, A., Neustadt, A., Martins, S., & Gilliam, M. (2013). Use of withdrawal and unintended pregnancy among females 15–24 years of age. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 122(3), 595–600. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e31829d8074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, G. L., Barber, B. L., & Dziurawiec, S. (2014). Emotional intimacy power predicts different sexual experiences for men and women. Journal of Sex Research, 51(3), 340–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2012.729277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing, S. F., & Bryan, A. D. (2015). A question of love and trust? The role of relationship factors in adolescent sexual decision-making. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 36(8), 628–634. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fennell, J. L. (2011). Men bring condoms, women take pills: Men’s and women’s roles in contraceptive decision making. Gender & Society, 25(4), 496–521. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243211416113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fielder, R. L., Walsh, J. L., Carey, K. B., & Carey, M. P. (2013). Predictors of sexual hookups: A theory-based, prospective study of first-year college women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42(8), 1425–1441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0106-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fielder, R. L., Walsh, J. L., Carey, K. B., & Carey, M. P. (2014). Sexual hookups and adverse health outcomes: A longitudinal study of first-year college women. Journal of Sex Research, 51(2), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2013.848255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finer, L. B., & Zolna, M. R. (2016). Declines in unintended pregnancy in the United States, 2008-2011. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(9), 843–852. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1506575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flack, W. F., Daubman, K. A., Caron, M. L., Asadorian, J. A., D’Aureli, N. R., Gigliotti, S. N., Hall, A. T., Kiser, S., & Stine, E. R. (2007). Risk factors and consequences of unwanted sex among university students: Hooking up, alcohol, and stress response. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22(2), 139–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260506295354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flood, M. (2003). Lust, trust and latex: Why young heterosexual men do not use condoms. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 5(4), 353–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369105011000028273
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortenberry, J. D. (2019). Trust, sexual trust, and sexual health: An interrogative review. Journal of Sex Research, 56(4–5), 425–439. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2018.1523999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French, S. E., & Holland, K. J. (2013). Condom negotiation strategies as a mediator of the relationship between self-efficacy and condom use. Journal of Sex Research, 50(1), 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2011.626907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frohwirth, L., Blades, N., Moore, A. M., & Wurtz, H. (2016). The complexity of multiple contraceptive method use and the anxiety that informs it: Implications for theory and practice. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(8), 2123–2135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0706-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagne, P., & Tewksbury, R. (2005). Introduction: Advancing gender research at the intersection of gender and sexuality. In P. Gagne & R. Tewksbury (Eds.), Gendered sexualities (Advances in gender research, volume 6) (pp. 1–12). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Gagnon, J. H., & Simon, W. (1973). Sexual conduct: The social sources of human sexuality. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs, S. E., Yusunoki, Y., & Moreau, C. (2019). Sexual activity and weekly contraceptive discontinuation and selection among young adult women in Michigan. Journal of Sex Research, 56(8), 977–984. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2018.1556239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzzo, K. B., & Hayford, S. R. (2013). Revisiting retrospective reporting of birth intendedness. Bowling Green State University. Center for Family and Demographic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, L., & Armstrong, E. (2009). Gendered sexuality in young adulthood: Double binds and flawed options. Gender & Society, 23(5), 589–616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243209345829
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, S. M., Oakley, L. P., Washburn, I., & Agnew, C. R. (2018). Contraceptive method choice among young adults: Influence of individual and relationship factors. Journal of Sex Research, 55(9), 1106–1115. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1419334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. A., Carpenter, E., Everett, B. G., Greene, M. Z., Haider, S., & Hendrick, C. E. (2019). Sexual minority women and contraceptive use: Complex pathways between sexual orientation and health outcomes. American Journal of Public Health, 109(12), 1680–1686. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. A., & Smith, N. K. (2016). The sexual acceptability of contraception: Reviewing the literature and building a new concept. Journal of Sex Research, 53(4–5), 417–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2015.1134425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. A., & Wang, Y. (2015). Which young adults are most likely to use withdrawal? The importance of pregnancy attitudes and sexual pleasure. Contraception, 91(4), 320–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2014.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horne, C., & Mollborn, S. (2020). Norms: An integrated framework. Annual Review of Sociology, 46, 467–487. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054658
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horner, J. R., Salazar, L. F., Romer, D., Vanable, P. A., DiClemente, R., Carey, M. P., Valois, R. F., Standon, B. F., & Brown, L. K. (2009). Withdrawal (coitus interruptus) as a sexual risk reduction strategy: Perspectives from African-American adolescents. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(5), 779–787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9304-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James-Hawkins, L. (2015a). The longitudinal influence of the psychosocial context: Sexuality and contraceptive use in the transition to adulthood. University of Colorado at Boulder. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1719263146?fromopenview=true&pq-origsite=gscholar
   Google Scholar
• James-Hawkins, L. (2015b). Why female college students risk pregnancy: I just wasn’t thinking. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 60(2), 169–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James-Hawkins, L. (2019). Adolescent norms and college experiences: The influence of early social norms about sexuality. Advances in Life Course Research, 39(March), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2018.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James-Hawkins, L., & Broaddus, M. (2016). The association of attitudes about contraceptives with contraceptive use in a random sample of Colorado women. Social Science Journal, 53(2), 167–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2016.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James-Hawkins, L., Dalessandro, C., & Sennott, C. (2019). Conflicting contraceptive norms for men: Equal responsibility versus women’s bodily autonomy. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 21(3), 263–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2018.1464209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, R. K., Fennell, J., Higgins, J. A., & Blanchard, K. (2009). Better than nothing or savvy risk-reduction practice? The importance of withdrawal. Contraception, 79(6), 407–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2008.12.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, R. K., Lindberg, L. D., & Higgins, J. A. (2014). Pull and pray or extra protection? Contraceptive strategies involving withdrawal among US adult women. Contraception, 90(4), 416–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2014.04.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jovanovic, J., & Williams, J. C. (2018). Gender, sexual agency, and friends with benefits relationships. Sexuality & Culture, 22(2), 555–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-017-9483-1
   Google Scholar
• Kaller, S., Mays, A., Freedman, L., Harper, C. C., & Biggs, M. A. (2020). Exploring young women’s reasons for adopting intrauterine or oral emergency contraception in the United States: A qualitative study. BMC Women’s Health, 20(15), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-0886-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavanaugh, M. L., & Jerman, J. (2018). Contraceptive method use in the United States: Trends and characteristics between 2008, 2012 and 2014. Contraception, 97(1), 14–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2017.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavanaugh, M. L., Pliskin, E., & Jerman, J. (2021). Use of concurrent multiple methods of contraception in the United States, 2008 to 2015. Contraception: X, 3, 100060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conx.2021.100060
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kettrey, H. H. (2016). What’s gender got to do with it? Sexual double standards and power in heterosexual college hookups. Journal of Sex Research, 53(7), 754–765. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1145181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kettrey, H. H., & Johnson, A. D. (2021). Hooking up and pairing off: Correlates of college students’ interest in subsequent hookups and romantic relationships with other-sex and same-sex hookup partners. Journal of Sex Research, 58(7), 915–942. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2020.1766403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimport, K. (2018). More than a physical burden: Women’s mental and emotional work in preventing pregnancy. Journal of Sex Research, 55(9), 1096–1105. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1311834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kincaid, R., Sennott, C., & Kelly, B. C. (2022). Doing and redoing emphasized femininity: How women use emotion work to manage competing expectations in college hookup culture. Sex Roles. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-022-01275-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kost, K., Singh, S., Vaughan, B., Trussell, J., & Bankole, A. (2008). Estimates of contraceptive failure from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Contraception, 77(1), 10–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2007.09.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laris, B., Barrett, M., Anderson, P., Kesler, K., Gerber, A., Baumler, E., & Coyle, K. (2021). Uncovering withdrawal use among sexually active US adolescents: High prevalence rates suggest the need for a sexual health harm reduction approach. Sex Eduation, 21(2), 208–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2020.1768524
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmiller, J. J., VanderDrift, L. E., & Kelly, J. R. (2014). Sexual communication, satisfaction, and condom use behavior in friends with benefits and romantic partners. Journal of Sex Research, 51(1), 74–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2012.719167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemley, S. M., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Parkhurst, D., & Celio, M. A. (2018). The effects of condom availability on college women’s sexual discounting. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47(3), 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-1040-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindberg, L. D., Santelli, J. S., & Desai, S. (2018). Changing patterns of contraceptive use and the decline in rates of pregnancy and birth among U.S. adolescents, 2007-2014. Journal of Adolescent Health, 63(2), 253–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.05.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littlejohn, K. E. (2012). Hormonal contraceptive use and discontinuation because of dissatisfaction: Differences by race and education. Demography, 49(1), 1433–1452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0127-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littlejohn, K. E. (2021). Just get on the pill: The uneven burden of reproductive politics. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Littleton, H., Tabernik, H., Canales, E. J., & Backstrom, T. (2009). Risky situation or harmless fun? A qualitative examination of college women’s bad hookup and rape scripts. Sex Roles, 60(11–12), 793–804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9586-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullinax, M., Sanders, S., Dennis, B., Higgins, J., Fortenberry, J. D., & Reece, M. (2017). How condom discontinuation occurs: Interviews with emerging adult women. Journal of Sex Research, 54(4–5), 642–650. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1143440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris, A. L., Carey, K. B., Guthrie, K. M., Rich, C. M., Krieger, N. H., Kaplan, C., & Carey, M. P. (2021). Partner type and young women’s sexual behavior: A qualitative inquiry. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50(1), 359–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01780-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortayli, N., Bulut, A., Ozugurlu, M., & Cokar, M. (2005). Why withdrawal? Why not withdrawal? Men’s perspectives. Reproductive Health Matters, 13(25), 164–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(05)25175-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papp, L. J., & McClelland, S. I. (2021). Too common to count? “Mild” sexual assault and aggression among U.S. college women. Journal of Sex Research, 58(4), 488–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2020.1778620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QSR International Pty Ltd. (2018). NVivo (Version 12) [Computer software]. https://www.qsrinternational.com/nvivo-qualitative-data-analysis-software/home
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds-Wright, J. J., Cameron, N. J., & Anderson, R. A. (2021). Will men use novel male contraceptive methods and will women trust them? A systematic review. Journal of Sex Research, 58(7), 838–849. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.1905764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridgeway, C. L. (2011). Framed by gender: How gender inequality persists in the modern world. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Risman, B. (2004). Gender as a social structure: Theory wrestling with activism. Gender & Society, 18(4), 429–450. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243204265349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberson, P. N. E., Olmstead, S. B., & Fincham, F. D. (2015). Hooking up during the college years: Is there a pattern? Culture, Health & Sexuality, 17(5), 576–591. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2014.972458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogow, D., & Horowitz, S. (1995). Withdrawal: A review of the literature and an agenda for research. Studies in Family Planning, 26(3), 140–153. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaklee, H., & Fischhoff, B. (1990). The psychology of contraceptive surprises: Cumulative risk and contraceptive effectivenes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20(5), 385–403. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb00418.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, N. K., Cleland, K., Wagner, B., & Trussell, J. (2017). “I don’t know what I would have done.” Women’s experiences acquiring ulipristal acetate emergency contraception online from 2011 to 2015. Contraception, 95(4), 414–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2016.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Tavory, I., & Swidler, A. (2009). Condom semiotics: Meaning and condom use in rural Malawi. American Sociological Review, 74(2), 171–189. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240907400201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsung-chieh, F., Hensel, D. J., Beckmeyer, J. J., Dodge, B., & Herbenick, D. (2019). Considerations in the measurement and reporting of withdrawal: Findings from the 2018 National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 16(8), 1170–1177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.05.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade, L. (2017). American hookup: The new culture of sex on campus. W. W. Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Whittaker, P. G., Merkh, R. D., Henry-Moss, D., & Hock-Long, L. (2010). Withdrawal attitudes and experiences: A qualitative perspective among young urban adults. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 42(2), 102–109. https://doi.org/10.1363/4210210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiederman, M. W. (2005). The gendered nature of sexual scripts. Family Journal, 13(4), 496–502. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480705278729
   Google Scholar
• Wingood, G. M., & DiClemente, R. J. (2000). Application of the theory of gender and power to examine HIV-related exposures, risk factors, and effective interventions for women. Health Education & Behavior, 27(5), 539–565. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019810002700502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, M. O., Norton, D. L., & Matusek, J. A. (2010). Predicting verbal coercion following sexual refusal during a hookup: Diverging gender patterns. Sex Roles, 62(9–10), 647–660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9763-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar