Asking About “Prostitution”, “Sex Work” and “Transactional Sex”: Question Wording and Attitudes Toward Trading Sexual Services

References

• Abel, G. M. (2021). “You’re selling a brand”: Marketing commercial sex online. Sexualities, 136346072110561. https://doi.org/10.1177/13634607211056189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agustín, L. M. (2007). Sex at the margins: Migration, labour markets and the rescue industry. Palgrave MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Agustín, L. (2008). Sex and the limits of enlightenment: The irrationality of legal regimes to control prostitution. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 5(73), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1525/srsp.2008.5.4.73
   Google Scholar
• Altemimei, D. (2013). Prostitution and the right to privacy: A comparative analysis of current law in the United States and Canada. University of Illinois Law Review, 2013(2), 625–659. http://www.illinoislawreview.org/wp-content/ilr-content/articles/2013/2/Altemimei.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong, L. (2016). ‘Who’s the slut, who’s the whore?’: Street harassment in the workplace among female sex workers in New Zealand. Feminist Criminology, 11(3), 285–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085115588553
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basow, S. A., & Campanile, F. (1990). Attitudes toward prostitution as a function of attitudes toward feminism in college students: An exploratory study. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 14(1), 135–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1990.tb00009.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benoit, C., Smith, M., Jansson, M., Healey, P., & Magnuson, D. (2019). “The prostitution problem”: Claims, evidence, and policy outcomes. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(7), 1905–1923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1276-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, E. (1999). What’s wrong with prostitution? What’s right with sex work? Comparing markets in female sexual labor. Hastings Women’s Law Journal, 10(1), 91–117. https://repository.uchastings.edu/hwlj/vol10/iss1/6
   Google Scholar
• Bishop, G. F., Truchfarber, A. J., & Oldendick, R. W. (1978). Change in the structure of American political attitudes: The nagging question of question wording. American Journal of Political Science, 22(2), 250–269. https://doi.org/10.2307/2110616
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Box-Steffensmeier, J. M., Jacobson, G., & Grant, J. T. (2000). Question wording and the house vote choice: Some experimental evidence. Public Opinion Quarterly, 64(3), 257–270. https://doi.org/10.1086/317988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruckert, C., & Hannem, S. (2013). Rethinking the prostitution debates: Transcending structural stigma in systemic responses to sex work. Canadian Journal of Law and Society, 28(1), 43–63. https://doi.org/10.1017/cls.2012.2
   Google Scholar
• Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon’s mechanical turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality data? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(1), 3–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610393980
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, R., Sanders, T., Scoular, J., Pitcher, J., & Cunningham, S. (2018). Risking safety and rights: Online sex work, crimes and ‘blended safety repertoires’. The British Journal of Sociology, 70(4), 1539–1560. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosby, A. G., May, D. C., Frese, W., & Dunaway, R. G. (1996). Legalization of crimes against the moral order: Results from the 1995 United States survey of gaming and gambling. Deviant Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 17(4), 369–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.1996.9968036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotton, A., Farley, M., & Baron, R. (2002). Attitudes toward prostitution and acceptance of rape myths. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(9), 1790–1796. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00259.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EVS/WVS. (2020). European values study and world values survey: Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2021 dataset (Joint EVS/WVS). GESIS data archive, cologne. ZA7505. Dataset Version 1.0.0. https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13095
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, B. S. (2009). The effects of survey question wording on rape estimates: Evidence from a quasi-experimental design. Violence Against Women, 15(2), 133–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801208329391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García, M. R. (2012). The League of Nations and the moral recruitment of women. International Review of Social History, 57(S20), 97–128. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020859012000442
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhill, M., Leviston, Z., Leonard, R., & Walker, L. (2014). Assessing climate change beliefs: Response effects of question wording and response alternatives. Public Understanding of Science, 23(8), 947–965. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662513480117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, M. A., & Johansson, I. (2022). Predicting attitudes towards transactional sex: The interactive relationship between gender and attitudes on sexual behavior. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 19(1), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-020-00527-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber, G. A., & Paris, C. (2013). Assessing the programmatic equivalence assumption in question wording experiments: Understanding why Americans like assistance to the poor more than welfare. Public Opinion Quarterly, 77(1), 385–397. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfs054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICRSE. (2021). From vulnerability to resilience: Sex workers organising to end exploitation. International Committee on the Rights of Sex Workers in Europe. Retrieved June 4, 2022, from https://respect.international/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Exploitation-paper-pdf.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jakosson, N., & Kotsadam, A. (2011). Gender equity and prostitution: An investigation of attitudes in Norway and Sweden. Feminist Economics, 17(1), 31–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2010.541863
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson, I., & Östergren, P. (2021). Vem avgör? Om ansvar och brottsförebyggande åtgärder när sexköp är olagligt. In A. D. C. Y. Moredo; C. Holmström, & J. Kuosmanen (Eds.), Sex mot ersättning - - säljare, köpare, makt och moral (pp. 169–192). Studentlitteratur Press.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston, A., Friedman, B., & Shafer, A. (2014). Framing the problem of sex trafficking. Whose problem? What remedy? Feminist Media Studies, 14(3), 419–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2012.740492
   Google Scholar
• Jones, A. (2015). Sex work in the digital era. Sociology Compass, 9(7), 558–570. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12282
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinney, E. (2015). Victims, villains, and valiant rescuers: Unpacking socio legal constructions of human trafficking and crimmigation in popular culture. In M. J. Guia (Ed.), The illegal business of human trafficking (pp. 87–108). Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Krosnick, J. A., Malhorta, N., & Mittal, U. (2014). Public misunderstanding of political facts: How question wording affected estimates of partisan differences in birtherism. Public Opinion Quarterly, 78(1), 147–165. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nft080
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leigh, C. (2010). Inventing sex work. In J. Nagle (Ed.), Whores and other feminists. New Routledge Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203700655
   Google Scholar
• Levay, K. E., Freese, J., & Druckman, J. N. (2016). The demographic and political composition of MTurk samples. Sage Open, 6(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016636433
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loftus, E. F., & Zanni, G. (1975). Eyewitness testimony: The influence of the wording of a question. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 5(1), 86–88. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03336715
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundmark, S., Gilljam, M., & Dahlberg, S. (2016). Measuring generalized trust: An examination of question wording and the number of scale points. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(1), 26–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfv042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magelssen, M., Supphellen, M., Nortvedt, P., & Materstvedt, L. J. (2016). Attitudes towards assisted dying are influenced by question wording and order: A survey experiment. BMC Medical Ethics, 17(24), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-016-0107-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majic, S. (2020). Same same but different? Gender, sex work, and respectability politics in the MyRedbook and Rentboy closures. Anti-Trafficking Review, 14(14), 82–98. https://doi.org/10.14197/atr.201220146
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May, D. C. (1999). Tolerance of nonconformity and its effect on attitudes toward the legalization of prostitution: A multivariate analysis. Deviant Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 20(4), 335–358. https://doi.org/10.1080/016396299266443
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan, K., Worth, H., & Rawstorne, P. (2018). Usage of the terms prostitution, sex work, transactional sex, and survival sex: Their utility in HIV prevention research. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47(5), 1517–1527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-1140-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monroe, J. (2005). Women in street prostitution: The result of poverty and the brunt of inequity. Journal of Poverty, 9(3), 69–88. https://doi.org/10.1300/J134v09n03_04
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, A. J., Yu, Y. J., & McBride, B. (2020). Sex work during the COVID-19 pandemic. Exertions. https://doi.org/10.21428/1d6be30e.3c1f26b7
   Google Scholar
• Niemi, J. (2010). What we talk about when we talk about buying sex. Violence Against Women, 16(2), 159–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801209355239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NSWP. (2017, May 28). Policy brief: Sex work as work. NSWP: Global Network of Sex Work Projects. Retrieved June 4, 2022, from https://www.nswp.org/sites/default/files/policy_brief_sex_work_as_work_nswp_2017.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Östergren, P. (2018). Sweden. In S. Ø. Jahnsen & H. Wagenaar (Eds.), Assessing prostitution policies in Europe (pp. 169–184). Routledge Press.
   Google Scholar
• Östergren, P. (2020). From zero-tolerance to full integration. Rethinking prostitution policies. In Z. Davy, A. C. Santos, C. Bertone, R. Thoreson, & S. E. Wieringa (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of global sexualities (pp. 569–599). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529714364.n27
   Google Scholar
• Overall, C. (1992). What’s wrong with prostitution? Evaluating sex work. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 17(4), 705–724. https://doi.org/10.1086/494761
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pateman, C. (1999). What’s wrong with prostitution? Women’s Studies Quarterly, 27(1/2), 53–64.
   Google Scholar
• Peracca, S., Knodel, J., & Saengtienchai, C. (1998). Can prostitutes marry? Thai attitudes toward female sex workers. Social Science & Medicine, 47(2), 255–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00089-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polismyndigheten. (2019). Människohandel för sexuella och andra ändamål. Lägesrapport 20. Retrieved June 4, 2022, from https://polisen.se/siteassets/dokument/manniskohandel/manniskohandel-lagesrapport-20.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Räsaänen, P., & Wilska, T. A. (2007). Finnish students’ attitudes towards commercialised sex. Journal of Youth Studies, 10(5), 557–575. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260701597243
   Google Scholar
• Rasinski, K. A. (1989). The effect of question wording on public support for government spending. Public Opinion Quarterly, 53(3), 388–394. https://doi.org/10.1086/269158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymond, J. G. (1998). Prostitution as violence against women: Ngo stonewalling in Beijing and elsewhere. Women’s Studies International Forum, 21(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-5395(96)00102-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, D., Burton, J., & Kneeshaw, J. (2002). Identifying the true party identifiers: A question wording experiment. Party Politics, 8(2), 193–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068802008002003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, T., Connelly, L., & King, L. J. (2016). The working conditions of internet-based sex workers in the UK. Sociological Research Online, 21(4), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.4152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, T., O’Neill, M., & Pitcher, J. (2018). Prostitution, sex work, policy, and politics. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Sanders, T., Scoular, J., Campbell, R., Pitcher, J., & Cunningham, S. (2018). Internet sex work: Beyond the gaze. Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65630-4
   Google Scholar
• Schuldt, J. P., Konrath, S. H., & Schwarz, N. (2011). ‘Global warming’ or ‘climate change’? Whether the planet is warming depends on the question wording. Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(1), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfq073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scoular, J. (2015). The subject of prostitution: Sex work, law and social theory. Routledge Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, T. W. (1987). That which we call welfare by any other name would smell sweeter: An analysis of the impact of question wording on response patterns. Public Opinion Quarterly, 51(1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1086/269015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snajdr, E. (2013). Beneath the master narrative: Human trafficking, myths of sexual slavery and ethnographic realities. Dialect Anthropology, 37(2), 229–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10624-013-9292-3
   Google Scholar
• Szörényi, A., & Eate, P. (2014). Saving virgins, saving the USA: Heteronormative masculinities and the securitization of trafficking discourse in mainstream narrative film. Social Semiotics, 24(5), 608–622. https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2014.950009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, K. A., & Clifford, S. (2017). Validity and Mechanical Turk: An assessment of exclusion methods and interactive experiments. Computers in Human Behavior, 77, 184–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.08.038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valor-Segura, I., Expósito, F., & Moya, M. (2011). Attitudes toward prostitution: Is it an ideological issue? The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 3(2), 159–176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlase, L., & Grasso, M. (2021). Support for prostitution legalization in Romania: Individual, household, and socio-cultural determinants. Journal of Sex Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.1968334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagenaar, H., & Altink, S. (2012). Prostitution as morality politics or why it is exceedingly difficult to design and sustain effective prostitution policy. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 9(3), 279–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-012-0095-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagenaar, H., Amesberger, H., & Altink, S. (2017). Designing prostitution policy: Intention and reality in regulating the sex trade. Bristol University Press. https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447324249.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Weitzer, R. (2010). The mythology of prostitution: Advocacy research and public policy. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 7(1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-010-0002-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, L., Xu, J., & Zhou, Y. (2018). Residents’ attitudes toward prostitution in Macau. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(2), 205–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1338293
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar