Do biological explanations of homosexuality have moral, legal, or policy implications?

References

• Angoff , W. H. 1988 . The nature‐nurture debate, aptitudes, and group differences . American Psychologist , 43 : 713 – 720 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey , J. M. and Pillard , R. C. 1991 . A genetic study of male sexual orientation . Archives of General Psychiatry , 48 : 1089 – 1096 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barinaga , M. 1991 . Is homosexuality biological? . Science , 253 : 956 – 957 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bray , R. September 9 1991 . “ [quoted in C.Crabb, Are some men born to be homosexual?] ” . In U.S. News and World Report September 9 , 58
   Google Scholar
• Buckley , W. F. 1990 . [Letter to the editor] . National Review , July 9 : 18
   Google Scholar
• Cameron , P. and Cameron , K. 1988 . Did the American Psychological Association misrepresent scientific material to the US Supreme Court? . Psychological Reports , 63 : 255 – 270 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell , K. 1967 . “ Materialism ” . In Encyclopedia of philosophy , Edited by: Edwards , P. Vol. 5 , 179 – 188 . New York : MacMillan .
   Google Scholar
• Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc., 473 U.S. 432 (1985)
   Google Scholar
• De Cecco , J. P. 1987 . Homosexuality's brief recovery: From sickness to health and back again . The Journal of Sex Research , 23 : 106 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• De Cecco , J. P. 1990a . Confusing the actor with the act: Muddled notions about homosexuality . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 19 : 409 – 412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Ceceo , J. P. 1990b . “ Sex and more sex: A critique of the Kinsey conception of human sexuality ” . In Homosexuality/Heterosexuality , Edited by: McWhirter , D. P. , Sanders , S. A. and Reinisch , J. M. 367 – 386 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• De Cecco , J. P. 1991 . [quoted in N. Angier, N., The biology of what it means to be gay] . New York Times , September 1 : 1 4
   Google Scholar
• Ernulf , K. E. , Innala , S. M. and Whitam , F. L. 1989 . Biological explanation, psychological explanation, and tolerance of homosexuals: A cross‐national analysis of beliefs and attitudes . Psychological Reports , 65 : 1003 – 1010 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 (1973)
   Google Scholar
• Gorman , C. 1991 . Are gay men born that way? . Time , September 9 : 60 – 61 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green , R. 1986 . The “sissy boy syndrome” and the development of homosexuality , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Green , R. 1988 . The immutability of (homo)sexual orientation: Behavioral science implications for a constitutional (legal) analysis . The Journal of Law and Psychiatry , 16 : 537 – 575 .
   Google Scholar
• Haldeman , D. C. 1991 . “ Sexual orientation conversion therapy for gay men and lesbians: A scientific examination ” . In Homosexuality: Research implications for public policy , Edited by: Gonsiorek , J. C. and Weinrich , J. D. 149 – 160 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz , D. 1991 . Back to our roots . National Review , May 13 : 42 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Humm , A. J. 1991 . [quoted by N. Angier, The biology of what it means to be gay] . New York Times , September 1 : 1 4
   Google Scholar
• Ill. Rev. Stat. eh. 38, par. 1005–5‐3(c)(7),(8) (1989)
   Google Scholar
• Kinsey , A. C. , Pomeroy , W. B. and Martin , C. E. 1948 . Sexual behavior in the human male , Philadelphia : Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• Kinsey , A. C. , Pomeroy , W. B. , Martin , C. E. and Gebhard , P. H. 1953 . Sexual behavior in the human female , Philadelphia : Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• Klassen , A. D. , Williams , C. J. and Levitt , E. E. 1989 . Sex and morality in the U.S , Middletown, CT : Wesleyan University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lehrman , D. S. 1970 . “ Semantic and conceptual issues in the nature‐nurture problem ” . In Development and evolution of behavior , Edited by: Aaronson , L. R. and Tobach , E. 17 – 52 . San Francisco : W. H. Freeman & Company .
   Google Scholar
• LeVay , S. 1991 . A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men . Science , 253 : 1034 – 1037 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebman , M. 1990 . [Letter to the editor] . National Review , July 9 : 16 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Maddox , J. 1991 . Is homosexuality hardwired? . Nature , 353 : 13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plomin , R. 1987 . “ Behavioral genetics and intervention ” . In The malleability of children , Edited by: Gallagher , J. J. and Ramey , C. T. 15 – 24 . Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes .
   Google Scholar
• Posner , R. A. 1992 . Sex and reason , Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rice , M. , Quinsey , V. and Harris , G. 1991 . Sexual recidivism among child molesters released from a maximum security psychiatric institution . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 59 : 381 – 386 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , B. E. , Walters , L. H. and Skeen , P. 1989 . “ Response of parents to learning that their child is homosexual and concern over AIDS: A national study ” . In Homosexuality and the family , Edited by: Bozett , F. W. 59 – 80 . Birmingham, NY : Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Strommen , E. F. 1989 . “You're a what?”: Family member reactions to the disclosure of homosexuality ” . In Homosexuality and the family , Edited by: Bozett , F. W. 37 – 58 . Birmingham, NY : Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , R. 1967 . “ Determinism ” . In Encyclopedia of philosophy , Edited by: Edwards , P. Vol. 2 , 359 – 373 . New York : MacMillan .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. v. Kras, 409 U.S. 434 (1973)
   Google Scholar
• van den Haag , E. 1991 . Sodom and begorrah . National Review , April 29 : 35 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Gelder , L. 1991 . The “born that way” trap . May/June : 86 Ms.
   Google Scholar
• Ward , I. L. 1991 . [quoted by N. Angier, Zone of brain linked to men's sexual orientation] . New York Times , August 30 : 1 18
   Google Scholar
• Whitam , F. L. and Mathy , R. M. 1986 . Male homosexuals in four societies , New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Whitley , B. E. 1990 . The relationship of heterosexuals’ attributions for the causes of homosexuality to attitudes towards lesbians and gay men . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 16 : 369 – 377 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar